从句 

　　定语从句

　　注意关系代词that的使用

　　A.先行词为all everything nothing something anything little much 等不定代词时用that

　　e.g----A hobby can be almost anything that a person likes to do in his spare time.

　　----A hobby is something that we like to do in our spare time.

　　B.先行词被all every no some any little much 修饰时用that

　　e.g----I’ve read all the books that you gave me.

　　C.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时用that

　　e.g----This is the first composition that he has written in English.

　　----This is the best novel that I have ever read.

　　D.先行词被the only the very the same the last 修饰时用that

　　e.g----The last place that we visited was the chemical works.

　　----The white flowers is the only one that I really like.

　　----This is the very book that I want to find.

　　E.当有两个或两个以上分别表示人或物的先行词时用that

　　e.g.----He talked about the teachers and school that he had visited.

　　F.当主句是who或which开头的特殊问句时，定语从句要用that

　　e.g----Who is the person that is standing at the gate?

　　----Which of us that know something about physics does not know this?

　　关系代词除连接句子外，一般在从句中做主语，宾语或定语

　　由关系副词引导的定语从句

　　能引导定语从句的关系副词有

　　when= in which, on which, at which

　　where=in which, at which, on which

　　why=for which

　　e.g----That is the reason why I did it.

　　----The school where I’m studying is a key school.

　　----The time has come when ordinary people can use computer.

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带介词的定语从句

　　引导定语从句的关系代词可以作介词的宾语，形成带介词的定语从句。这种结构有两种：

　　从句由“介词+which”(表示事和物)

　　从句由“介词+which”(表示人)

　　e.g----The man to/with whom he is talking is a teacher.

　　----The school in/at which I am studying is a key school.

　　解题要诀：

　　掌握常用介词的基本用法

　　掌握常用动词，形容词与介词之间的固定搭配

　　非限定性定语从句

　　1.当指物时，不能用that只能用which

　　2.which有时用来指整个句子或句子的一部分。

　　e.g. He died suddenly, which made her very sad.

　　he said last night he went to sleep with his clothes on, which was very uncomfortable.

　　关系词的使用一看先行词，二看关系词在从句中的作用，在此基础上熟记几个常用的固定句式，如：the same … as , such … as…

　　The film is the same as we have expected.

　　关系词在句中做定语 – whose

　　应该熟悉关系词做定语时的各种变体。

　　the office whose windows are broken

　　the office the windows of which are broken

　　“介词 + which/whom”的结构做关系词

　　A. 介词是句中短语搭配的一部分 ,如pay attention to, take care of 等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。

　　This is the boy whom she has taken care of.

　　B. “部分 + of + 整体名词”的结构，该结构做关系词也就是 “部分名词 + of which/whom”的结构。

　　Her two brothers, both of whom work in Scotland, ring her up every week.

　　We will have a party in the room, the window of which has been broken.

　　C. 另一种介词是表示范围的介词

　　He has composed many pieces of music popular with young people, ____ which this is an example.

　　of

　　D. 有时介词与先行词构成短语

　　It is useful to be able to predict the extent ____ which a price change will affect supply and demand.

　　A. from B. with C. to D. for

　　C. to

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　　He was often late for work, which cost him his job.

　　注意先行词为时间、地点或原因时，关系词的选用

　　如果用when, where 或why，关系词在从句中应该是做状语,否则的话则应该用which / that等。例如：

　　I will never forget the days ________ I spent with my friends in the country.

　　that/which/ \

　　exercises

　　1. The boy was paid $10 for washing ten windows, most of ____ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year. (2005/10)

　　A.those B.these

　　C.that D.Which

　　2. Anyone ______ has something interesting to concentrate on won't find life boring. (2005/4)

　　A. whoever B. whomever

　　C. who D. which

　　D C

　　3. Athletes ______ at the Olympic Games are supposed to be nonprofessionals. (2004/10)

　　A. who compete B. who are competing

　　C. who will compete D. who have competed

　　4. Television, ______ came into being in 1939, did not become common until the early 1950s. (2004/4)

　　A. that B. what

　　C. which D. it

　　A C

　　Adverbial Clauses

　　用作状语的从句叫状语从句(adverbial clause).

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时间状语从句

　　表示“一……就……”的连词：once, as soon as, barely/hardly/scarcely…when, no sooner…than, the minute, the moment, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly

　　其他表示时间的短语还有：every time, next time, the day 等。

　　一些表时间的副词和短语也可引导状语从句.

　　例:The day he returned home, his father was already dead.

　　We shall have completed the work by the time he ________ back next week. (2003/4)

　　A. will come B. comes

　　C. is coming D. will have come

　　B

　　As, when, while 虽然都表示时间，但是有区别的.As 多用于口语，强调“同一时间”或“一先一后”.

　　例:1.As I was going out, it began to rain.

　　(as强调两个动作紧接着发生)

　　2. As spring warms the good earth, all flowers begin to bloom.(在这里是“伴随”的意思)

　　When 强调特定时间

　　例:1.When he was eating his breakfast, he heard the door bell rang.

　　While 也表示同一时间，但表示的不是一点，而是一段,所以位于谓语动词必须为延续性动词形式.

　　例：While he was eating his breakfast, his friend came to visit him.

　　注意 not…until… 正常结构、倒装结构、强调结构、和until置于句首的用法。

　　He didn’t go to sleep until he had finished his homework.

　　(正常结构)

　　Not until he had finished his homework did he go to sleep.

　　(倒装结构)

　　It was not until he had finished his homework that he went to sleep.

　　(强调结构)

　　Until he had finished his homework he didn’t go to sleep.

　　(until置于句首)

　　原因状语从句，关联词有because, as since 等.

　　because, as ,since三者区别：

　　because 语气最强，重在交待原因，以why引导的疑问句只能because用来回答;其前可用only, just等词强调;可用在 It is…that…强调句型中。

　　如：You shouldn't get angry just because some people speak ill of you.

　　as 一词语气最弱，表示明显的原因。

　　如：As she was in a hurry, she left her key in the car.

　　since 表示人们已知的事实，所以常译成“既然……”。如：Since everyone is here, let's get started.

　　另外，for属并列连词，不能位于句首，是对前一分句加以解释或说明。如：It must have rained last night, for the yard is wet.

　　与since相近，seeing that, now that, considering that, given that 都有“鉴于某个事实、考虑到”的意思，此外，in that， on the grounds that 均可表示原因。

　　例: Considering she is so interested in children, I think she can make a very good kindergarten teacher.

　　结果状语从句，关联词有that, so that, such that, with the result that. so…that, such…that等。

　　She sat behind me so that I could not see the expression on her face.

　　His anger was such that he lost control of himself

　　I was in the bath, as the result that I didn’t hear the telephone.

　　He is so kind a person that we all like him.

　　He is such a kind person that we all like him.

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　条件状语从句分为真实条件和非真实条件两种.前者表示真实的或可能变成现实的条件，后者表示非真实的或不可能变为现实的条件.真实条件句要用一般时标将来。

　　例：Oil floats if you pour it on water.

　　The sports meet will be put off if it rains tomorrow.

　　If I were you, I would refuse the money.

　　虚拟式的基本形式 (后面我们再详细讲虚拟语气)

　　If we left now, we should arrive in time.

　　If we had left time, we would have dropped by.

　　If you dropped the glass, it would break.

　　The tennis finals will be put off if it ______ tomorrow afternoon. (2005/4)

　　A. rains B. will rain

　　C. were to rain D. was to rain

　　A

　　让步状语从句，关联词：though, although, if, even if, even though, in spite of the fact that等.

　　例：

　　1. Though it was only nine o’clock, there were few people in the street.

　　2.He went out in spite of the fact that he had a bad cold.

　　Exercises

　　1. If you smoke in a non-smoking section people _____.

　　A) have objected B) objected

　　C) must objected D) will object

　　2. A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time _____ the guards discovered what had happened.

　　A) before B) until C) since D) when

　　3. Government cannot operate effectively _____ it is free from such interference.

　　A) so long as B) so that

　　C) unless D) because

　　D C C

　　4. Not that John doesn't want to help you, _____it's beyond his power.

　　A) but that B) for that

　　C) and that D) in that

　　5. Man differ from animals ____ they can think and speak.

　　A) in that B) for that

　　C) with that D) at that

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　6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _____ it comes to classroom tests.

　　A) when B) since C) before D) after

　　A A A

　　7. Americans eat _____ as they actually need every day. (98/06/56)

　　A) twice as much protein

　　B) twice protein as much

　　C) protein as much twice

　　D) protein as twice much

　　8. _____ seeing the damage he had done, the child felt ashamed. (99/01/52)

　　A) By B) On C) At D) For

　　9. I was advised to arrange for insurance _____ I needed medical treatment. (99/01/65)

　　A) nevertheless B) although

　　C) in case D) so that

　　A B C

　　10. I've already told you that I'm going to buy it, _____.

　　A) however much it costs

　　B) however does it costs much

　　C) how much does it cost

　　D) no matter how it costs

　　A

　　名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句，其中有介词与形容词的宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

　　名词从句

　　1 .主语从句在句子充当主语， 谓语动词用第三人称单数

　　Why he refused to work with you is still unclear now.

　　Whoever comes is welcome.

　　主语从句前的that不能省，仅起连接作用。通常由it作形式主语,that 从句后置。

　　That he became a lawyer may have been due to his mother’s influence.

　　It is not true that he has moved to New York.

　　2. 宾语从句,要用陈述句语序。

　　I don’t know where the sound came from.

　　Don’t be satisfied with what you have achieved.

　　Please tell me what is wrong/the matter with you, and I can help you.

　　由 that 引导的从句只能用在介词 but, besides, except, in, save, saving 之后。例如：

　　I know nothing about him except/but that he is Japanese.

　　He differs from his brother in that he is very selfish.

　　whether 与if 在名词从句中的用法区别(if一般只用于宾语从句)

　　1). 由whether引导的主语从句，表语从句不能由if来替换

　　Whether he will attend the meeting is uncertain.

　　The question is whether he will come.

　　2).宾语从句中, whether可以和or not直接连用.可以说whether or not而不说if or not。

　　I don’t care whether or not he will attend the meeting.

　　I don’t care if/whether he will attend the meeting or not.

　　3).whether可用在介词后，或用在带 to的不定式前，if则不可以。

　　Judy doesn't know whether to get married now or to wait.

　　I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.

　　重要考点：出现if引导的从句时先判断是宾语从句还是条件状语从句。当if意为“是否”时，引导宾语从句，时态根据时间状语和主句谓语来定。当if意为“如果”时，引导条件状语从句，用一般时表将来。

　　I won’t go there if he _____ (come) here tomorrow.(条件状语从句)

　　I don’t know if he _______ (come) here tomorrow.(宾语从句)

　　comes

　　will come

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　3. 表语从句

　　表语从句对主语的内容起解释和阐述的作用;若表语从句用 that 引起， that 起连接作用，不能省略。表语从句也可用连接词 how, when, where, why, what 引起。由 because 引起的表语从句通常只用在 “this/that/it is because…” 结构中。 与此形成对比的是：The reason (why) …is that…

　　4. 同位语从句的常用的引导词that在从句中不做成份，但不能省略。有时也可由 whether, how, why, where, when 等来引导。例如：

　　We have got the news that our team won the football match.

　　Word came that he was needed at home. The question whether or not I should help him in such a case troubled me greatly.

　　注意区分定语从句和同位语从句。

　　The idea that girls are not as clever as boys is harmful.(同位语从句)

　　The idea that struck him startled his parents.(定语从句)

　　在名词性从句中 “疑问词ever”不能换成”no matter+疑问词”,视情况可以换成 “anyone /anybody who”或”anything that”, 在状语从句中可以换用.

　　Exercises

　　1. We give a helping hand to ______ needs our help.

　　A. no matter who B. whoever

　　C. whomever D. no matter whom

　　2. _______ wants to come to our class is welcome.

　　A. anybody who B. whoever

　　C. whomever D. both A and B

　　B D

　　3. _______ you go, I will go with you.

　　A. no matter where B. wherever

　　C. any place where D. both A and B

　　4. If you like it, _______ it is, I will buy it for you.

　　A. what B. whatever

　　C. no matter what D. both B and C

　　D D