With the rapid globalization of science itself(more than 40 percent of scientific Ph．D．students trained in the United States are now foreign nationals，roughly half of whom return to their countries of origin)，the once undisputed U．S．scientific lead，whether relevant to product lead or not，is diminishin9．①
The competition of foreign students for positions in U．S．graduate schools has also contributed to making scientific training relatively unattractive to U．S．students，because the rapidly increasing supply of students has diminished the relative rewards of this career path．For the best and brightest from low- income countries，a position as a research assistant in the United States is attractive，whereas the best and brightest U．S．students might now see better options in other fields．Science and engineering careers，to the extent that they are opening up to foreign competition(whether imported or available through better communication)，also seem to be becoming relatively less attractive to U．S．students．⑦ With respect to the role of universities in the innovation process，the speculative boom of the 1990s (which，among other things，made it possible to convert scientific findings into cash rather quickly)was largely unexpected．The boom brought universities and their faculties into much closer contact with private markets as they tried to gain as much of the economic dividends from their discoveries as possible．For a while，the path between discoveries in basic science and new flows of hard cash was considerably shortened．But during the next few decades，this path likely will revert toward its more traditional length and reestablish，in a healthy way，the more traditional(and more independent) relationship between the basic research done at universities and those entities that translate ideas into products and services．④
In the intervening years，another new force also greatly facilitated globalization：the rapid growth of the Internet and cheap wide-bandwidth international communication．Today，complex design activities can take place in locations quite removed from manufacturin9，other business functions，and the consumer．Indeed，there is now ample opportunity for real—time communication between business functions that are quite independent of their specific locations．For example，software development，with aU its changes and complications，can to a considerable extent be done overseas for a U．S．customer． Foreign call centers can respond instantly to questions from thousands of miles away．The result is that low-wage workers in the Far East and in some other countries are coming into ever more direct competition with a much wider spectrum of U．S．1abor：unskilled in the case of call centers；more highly skilled in the case of programmers．[427 words]
1．The rapid globalization of science______．
A．has led to the rapid growth of the Internet
B．has diminished the relative rewards of science and engineering careers
C．has resulted in the fierce competition of scientific training in the U．S．
D．has contributed to the diminish of U．S．scientific leadership
2．According to this text，______．
A．the careers unattractive to U．S．students may not be so to foreign students
B．science and engineering careers are unattractive exclusively to U．S．students
C．U．S．students are not courageous enough to face foreign competition
D．U．S．students are not well prepared to compete with foreign students
3．It can be inferred from the text that ______．
A．scientists rarely expect to make money from their discoveries in basic science
B．it will be much easier to convert scientific findings into cash in the near future
C．the boom of the l 990s could be considered somewhat unhealthy
D．the boom of the l 990s will last at least for several decades
4．All of the following might have contributed to globalization except______．
A．the unprecedented development of Internet
B．the closer contact of universities with private markets
C．real-time communication between business functions
D．the prevalence of wide—bandwidth international communication
5．This text is mainly about______．
A．the scientific leadership of the U．S．
B．the shortage of scientists in the U．S．
C．the rapid globalization of science
D．better communication and globalization [NextPage]
难句透析
①With the rapid globalization of science itself(more than 40 percent of scientific Ph．D．students<trained in the United States)are FlOW foreign nationals，<roughly half of whom return tO their countries of origin))，the once un— disputed U．S．scientific lead，whether relevant tO product lead or not，is diminishin9．
【结构】本句的主语是“the once undisputed U．S．scientific lead”，谓语是“is diminishin9”。介词短语“with the rapid globalization of”用做状语。尖括号所标示的过去分词短语“trained…”是“Ph．D．students”的后置定语。尖括号所标示的“roughly half of whom…”是“more than 40 percent of scientific Ph．D．students”的后置非限制性定语从句。
【释义】随着科学本身的迅速全球化(如今美国培养的理科博士中，40％以上都是外国人，这些人大约有一半回国)，一度有争议的美国在科学界的领先地位，无论这种领先地位与产品的领先地位是否相关，都在下降。
②Science and engineering careers，tO the extent[that they are opening up tO foreign competition(whether impor ted or available through better communication)]，also seem to be becoming relatively less attractive to U．S． students．
【结构】方括号所标示的部分是“extent”的定语从句，其中的主语“they”指“careers”。圆括号中的“whether im— ported or available…”相当于“whether it is imported or available…”，其中，“it”指“foreign competition”。
【释义】就科技工作面对国际竞争的激烈程度而言，无论这种国际竞争是外来的还是由于信息通畅而感知的，从事科技工作看来对美国学生的吸引力也不太大了。
③The boom brought universities and their faculties into much closer contact with private markets[as they tried to gain as much of the economic dividends from their discoveries as possible]．
【结构】方括号所标示的部分是“as”引导的状语从句。
【释义】这次繁荣使大学和学校的教职员与私有市场的联系变得更加密切了。当时。他们试图利用自己的发现尽可能多地获取经济利益。
④But during the next few decades，this path likely will”revert toward its more traditional length and”reestablish， in a healthy way，the more traditional(and more independent)relationship between the basic research done at uni— versifies]and those entities[that translate ideas into products and services]．
【结构】本句有两个并列的谓语动词“revert”和“reestablish”。第一个方括号所标示的过去分词短语“done…”是“the basic research”的后置定语。第二个方括号所标示的部分是“those entities”的后置定语从句。
【释义】但是，在今后几十年问，这条路可能将发生逆转，回到其更传统的道路上去，并且以健康的方式，在大学所从事的基础研究与把想法转变成产品及服务的那些实体之间，重新建立其更传统的(同时也是更独立的)关系。
⑤The result is[that low—wage workers in the Far East and in some other countries are coming into ever more direct competition with a much wider spectrum of U．S．1abor：unskilled in the case of call centers；more highly skilled in the case of programmers]．
【结构】方括号所标示的部分是表语从句。
【释义】其结果造成，远东和其他某些国家的低薪工人与美国更大范围的劳动力之间产生了更直接的竞争：从电话中心无需技术的工人直到需要高技能的程序设计员。
全文翻译
随着科学本身的迅速全球化(如今美国培养的理科博士中，40％以上都是外国人，这些人大约有一半回国)，一度有争议的美国在科学界的领先地位，无论这种领先地位与产品的领先地位是否相关，都在下降。
由于来自外国学生对美国各研究生院的名额的争夺，美国本土的学生正逐渐对科学教育这一领域失去兴趣，因为从这个领域毕业的学生越来越多，就意味着这个方向上原有的相对诱人的职业回报正在逐渐消失。对于来自低收入国家的最优秀和最有前途的学生来讲，能在美国获得一个研究助理的职位是相当诱人的，但是美国本土最优秀和最有前途的学生则可能看到在别的领域还有更好的选择。就科技工作面对国际竞争的激烈程度而言，无论这种国际竞争是外来的还是由于信息通畅而感知的，从事科技工作看来对美国学生的吸引力也不太大了。②
就针对大学在创新过程中的角色来说，20世纪90年代出现的投机热(也就是在这次投机热中，将科学发现迅速转化为现金变成了可能)很大程度上是没有人能预料到的。这次繁荣使大学和学校的教职员与私有市场的联系变得更加密切了。当时，他们试图利用自己的发现尽可能多地获取经济利益。一时之间，在基础科学上的发现和现金流之间的间隔变得相当窄了。但是，在今后几十年间，这条路可能将发生逆转，回到其更传统的道路上去，并且以健康的方式，在大学所从事的基础研究与把想法转变成产品及服务的那些实体之间，重新建立其更传统的(同时也是更独立的)关系。④
在这期间的多年中，有一股新的力量也在很大程度上推动了全球化进程：那就是互联网的诞生以及廉价的宽带网络沟通方式的普及。今天，复杂的设计活动可以在远离生产部门、其他商业机构以及顾客的地方开展。确实，目前位于不同地方的商业机构都有足够的机会来进行实时沟通。拿软件设计来做例子，就算它需要经常变更并且运算繁复，但是在很大程度上一个美国客户所需的软件完全可以在海外定制。外国的电话服务中心可以及时地对远在万里之外的质询进行答复。其结果造成，远东和其他某些国家的低薪工人与美国更大范围的劳动力之间产生了更直接的竞争：从电话中心无需技术的工人直到需要高技能的程序设计员。
参考答案：1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 5．A
