The world economy has been growing at its fastest for a generation．Money，goods and ideas mow around the globe more freely than they have for at least a century--maybe more than ever，when yoo think of modern communication and China’s re-emergence．①So why all the gripes and grumbles?The problem，as some see it，is that workers in rich countries are not getting a fair whack．Their share ot income has been shrinking for the past quarter of a century，most markedly in continental Europe and Japan．The new order may be just dandy for capitalists，but not for those who toil by hand or brain．
In its semi-annual World Economic Outlook，the IMF examines how trade。technology and immigration have stitched the world’s labour markets together at an astonishing rate，leaving rich— country workers unsure of where they stand．②Weighting each country’s workforce by its ratio of exports to GDP，the IMF estimates that global labour supply has in effect risen fourfold since l98o as China， India and once-communist countries have opened up．o Most of the extra workers got no further than secondary school(although the relative supply of graduates has gone up by 5 o％)．With this surge of competition，you might expect labour’s share of the pie to shrink．
In some cases，the competition is direct：workers cross borders to take jobs in rich countries． Although unwelcome in many places，immigrants’share of the workforce has risen a lot in some European countries(notably Britain，Germany and Italy)and in America，where it is close to 15％．④ The more important channel，though，is trade：largely because of China，developing countries’share of rich countries’manufacturing imports has doubled since the early l 99os．“offshorin9”一shifting production，especially of intermediate goods and some services，abroad--has been on the rise，although the IMF notes that it has grown more slowly than total trade．
Globalisation is not the only possible reason why labour’s share has shrunk．New technologies have probably taken a few degrees off the workers’slice too．Technological change had the biggest effect in Europe and Japan．In Anglo-Saxon countries(America，Australia，Britain and Canada)it was much smaller．
The effects of labour globalisation were most evident in AngoSaxon and small European countries． However，it has touched different places in different ways．In Europe the effects of offshoring and immigration have been more marked than in the AngloSaxon world；in Japan they have scarcely registered．The labour-intensive goods that rich countries import have fallen in price，pressing down on the workers’share．But this has been broadly offset by price falls in the capital—intensive goods they export．In Japan these prices fell by enough to yield an overall net gain in the labour share．[456 words]
1．By referring to China’s reemergence，the author intends to show______．
A．why there are so many gripes and grumbles
B．the unfairness of the world’s labour markets
C．the increased globalization in the world economy
D．the smaller share of income labour can expect to get
2．Labor’s share of income in rich countries has been shrinking mainly because of______．
A．the rapid increase of global labour supply
B．the low educational level of extra workers
C the opening up of once-communist countries
D．the higher ratio of each country’s exports to GDP
3．The fact that“offshoring has been on the rise”is used to show that______．
A．it has grown more slowly than totaI trade
B．China’s share of rich countries’imports is the largest
C．immigrants’share of the workforce has risen considerably
D．workers in rich countries face sharp competition from abroad
4．The author argues that the chief possible reason for labour’s smaller share of income is______．
A．1abour globalisation
B．technological change
C．the freer international trade
D．the fast-growing immigration
5．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that______．
A．1abour—intensive goods should not be imported
B．Japan is least vulnerable to labour globalisation
C．the effects of offshoring and immigration have been scarce
D．the effects of labour globalization vary from country to country [NextPage]
难句透析
①Money，goods and ideas move around the globe more freely than they have for at least a century--maybe more than ever，[when you think of modern communication and Chinas re-emergence]．
【结构】“more…than…”引导的比较状语从句的主语“they”指“Money，goods and ideas”，谓语“have”相当于“have moved”。破折号后面的“maybe more than ever”补充说明其前面的“for at least a century”。方括号所标示的“when you think…re-emergence”是状语从句。
【释义】货币、商品和观念在全球的流通变得更加自由，这至少有一个世纪了。倘若考虑到现代化通讯和中国崛起，其流通可能比以往任何时候更自由。
②In its semi—annual World Economic Outlook，the IMF examines[how trade，technology and immigration have stitched the world’S labour markets together at an astonishing rate，(1eaving rich—country workers unsure of<where they stand))]．
【结构】方括号所标示的“how trade，technology and immigration…stand”是“examines”的宾语从句；圆括号所标示的现在分词短语“leaving rich—country workers…stand”是其中的状语，起补充说明作用；尖括号所标示的“where they stand”是介词“of”的宾语从句。
【释义】国际货币基金组织在其半年一期的《世界经济展望》中，分析了贸易、技术和移民如何以令人震惊的速度把国际劳动力市场融合在～起，使发达国家的工人对自己在其中的地位都失去了自信。
③EWeighting each country’S workforce by its ratio of exports to GDP]，the IMF estimates[that global labour supply has in effect risen fourfold since l98o(as China，India and once-communist countries have opened up)]．
【结构】方括号所标示的现在分词短语“Weighting each…GDP”用做状语。方括号所标示的“that global labour supply…opened up”是“estimates”的宾语从句；圆括号所标示的“as China，India…opened up”是其中的状语从句。
【释义】通过以劳动力出口所占国内生产总值的比率来衡量一个国家的劳动力规模，国际货币基金组织估计，由于中国、印度以及原共产党国家的改革开放，自从198o年以来，全球劳动力的供给实际上增长了4倍。
④[Although unwelcome in many places]，immigrants’share of the workforce has risen a lot in some European countries(notably Britain，Germany and Italy)and in America，-where it is dose to 15％]．
【结构】方括号所标示的“Although unwelcome in many places”是让步状语从句，相当于“Although they are un— welcome in many places”。方括号所标示的“where it is close to 15％”是“America”的后置定语从句。
【释义】虽然移民在很多地方都不受欢迎，但是在一些欧洲国家(尤其在英国、德国和意大利)和美国，移民在劳动力中所占比例大幅度上升，在美国，其比例接近15％。
⑤“offshoring”shifting production，especially of intermediate goods and some services，abroad--has been on the rise，Ealthough the IMF notes(that it has grown more slowly than total trade)1．
【结构】方括号所标示的“although the IMF…total trade”是让步状语从句；圆括号所标示的“that it has grown…total trade”是“notes”的宾语从句。
【释义】把生产转移到境外，特别是把中间产品或某些服务项目转移到境外，这样的“境外转移”一直呈增长趋势。不过，国际货币基金组织注意到，其增长速度要比整个贸易的增长速度慢。
答案注释
1．根据第一段第二句“Money，goods and ideas move around the globe more freely than they have for at least a century maybe more than ever，when you think of…China’s re-emergence”可知，选项C应为答案。
2．根据第二段最后一句“With this surge of competition，you might expect labour’s share of the pie to shrink”可知，选项A应为答案。
3．第三段提到的包括“0ffshoring has been on the rise”在内的三个情况都用来说明第二段最后一句中的“this surge of competition”。所以，选项D应为答案。
4．本文共五段，其中第二、三、五段讨论的都是“labour globalisation”对发达国家工人收入所占份额减少产生的影响。所以，选项A应为答案。
5．最后一段的主题句是“However，it has touched different places in different ways”。所以。选项D应为答案。 [NextPage]
全文翻译
世界经济已经高速增长了三十年。货币、商品和观念在全球的流通变得更加自由，这至少有一个世纪了。倘若考虑到现代化通讯和中国崛起，其流通可能比以往任何时候更自由。但是为什么还有这么多牢骚抱怨呢?如一些人看到的，问题在于富有国家的工人并没有分得公平的一份。半个世纪以来，他们的工资在缩减，在欧洲和日本尤其明显。新秩序也许只对资本家有利，对那些辛苦进行体力或脑力劳动的人并不有利。
国际货币基金组织在其半年一期的《世界经济展望》中，分析了贸易、技术和移民如何以令人震惊的速度把国际劳动力市场融合在一起，使发达国家的工人对自己在其中的地位都失去了自信。通过以劳动力出口所占国内生产总值的比率来衡量一个国家的劳动力规模，国际货币基金组织估计，由于中国、印度以及原共产党国家的改革开放，自从1980年以来，全球劳动力的供给实际上增长了4倍。大部分剩余劳动力受教育程度顶多达到中学水平(虽然相应毕业生的供给增加了50％)。在这种激烈的竞争下，可以预测，在经济高速增长中劳动力分得的一杯羹在减少。
在一些情况下，这种竞争是赤裸裸的：一些国家的工人直接越过边界到富有国家去工作。虽然移民在很多地方都不受欢迎，但是在一些欧洲国家(尤其在英国、德国和意大利)和美国，移民在劳动力中所占比例大幅度上升，在美国，其比例接近15％。但这种竞争最重要的途径还是通过贸易。这很大程度是因为20世纪90年代以来，中国等发展中国家的制造业占发达国家的进口份额的比率增长了一倍。把生产转移到境外，特别是把中间产品或某些服务项目转移到境外，这样的“境外转移”一直呈增长趋势。不过，国际货币基金组织注意到，其增长速度要比整个贸易的增长速度慢。考试大
全球化并不是劳动力收入减少的唯一原因。新技术大概也减少了劳动力的份额。技术的发展对欧洲和日本影响最大。在盎格鲁撒克逊国家(美国、澳大利亚、英国和加拿大)中，影响就小一些。
劳动力全球化的影响在盎格鲁撒克逊国家和一些欧洲小国最为明显。但是，它在不同的地方有不同的影响方式。境外转移和移民对欧洲的影响要比在盎格鲁撒克逊国家严重得多，而在日本这种影响几乎没有。富有国家进口的劳动力密集型产品价格下降，导致工人的工资减少。但是，这又弥补了他们出口的资本密集型产品价格的下降。在日本，这两种产品的价格的下降导致劳动力基本上没有任何净利。
超纲词汇
Gripe n．抱怨，牢骚
Grumble n．怨言，满腹牢骚
whack 一份
Dandy adj．挺棒的，极好的，上等的
IMF abbr．(Intemational Monetary Fund)国际货币基金组织
Stitch vi．／vt．缝，织，缝合
Intermediate adj．／n．中间的，中级的；
参考答案：1．C 2．A 3．D 4．A 5．D
