难句透析

　　①Emotions als0catalyze and regulate a wide variety of social encounters among friends and competitors and permit animals[to protect themselves adaptively and flexibly(using various behavior patterns in a wide variety of venues)]．

　　【结构】本句的主语是“Emotions”，谓语动词是用上标数字标出的并列的“catalyze and regulate”和“permit”。方括号所标示的动词不定式短语“to protect themselves…venues”是“permit animals”的宾语补足语，其中圆括号所标示的现在分词短语“usin9…venues”用做状语。

　　【释义】情感还能促进并调节动物与其朋友或对手之间的各类不同的社会交往过程，使动物能在各类场合，利用多种多样的行为模式，灵活自如地保护自己。

　　②Charles Darwin’s well-accepted ideas about evolutionary continuity，Ethat differences among species are differ— ences in degree rather than kind]，哪strongly for the presence of”animal emotions，”empathy，and 3’even moral behavior．

　　【结构】主句的主语是“ideas”，谓语动词是“argue…for…”。方括号所标示的“that differences…kind”是“ideas”的同位语从句。三个并列的名词短语“animal emotions，empathy。and even moral behavior”用做介词“0f，'的宾语。 ．

　　【释义】人们普遍接受达尔文关于进化连续性的观念。这种观念认为，物种之间的区别是程度的区别，而不是种类的区别，并且坚定地认为，动物有情感，而且情感能相通，甚至有符合道德的行为。

　　③EWhat we have since learned about animal emotions and empathy]fits in well with[-what we know about the life— style of different speeies]--how complex their social interactions and social networks are．

　　【结构】方括号所标示的“What we have…empathy”是主语从句。方括号所标示的“what we know…social networks are”是介词“with”的宾语从句。破折号后面的部分起补充说明作用。

　　【释义】人们后来对动物情感和情感相通的了解与其对不同物种生活方式的了解完全一致，那就是，动物的社会交往和社会结构纷繁复杂。

　　④Many skeptics feel[that we are SO uncertain about(whether other animals have any sort of emotional life)that they prefer tO put off weighing in(until we know more)]．

　　【结构】方括号所标示的“that we are…more”是动词“feel”的宾语从句。其中，圆括号所标示的“whether other animals…life”是介词“about”的宾语从句；“S0…that…。”引导结果状语从句；圆括号所标示的“until we know more”是状语从句。

　　【释义】许多持怀疑态度的人觉得，对于其它动物是否有任何类型的感情生活，我们依然把握不大，因此，他们倾向于暂缓考虑此事，直到我们更有把握再说。

　　⑤I’ve never had an enthusiastic response tO this question，even in scientific gatherings，E ahhough on occasion a hand or two goes up slowly，usually halfway，(as the person glances around tO see(if anyone is watching))]．

　　【结构】方括号所标示的“although on occasion…watchin9”是让步状语从句；圆括号所标示的“as the person glances…watchin9”是其中的状语从句；尖括号所标示的“if anyone is watchin9”是动词不定式“tO see”的宾语从句。

　　【释义】对于这个问题，我从来没有获得过热情的回应，即使在科学讲座上也是如此。只不过，偶尔有一两个人慢慢地、犹豫地举起手来，同时还要环顾四周，看是否有人在注意自己。

　　答案注释

　　1．根据第一段第三句“Emotions have evolved as adaptations in numerous species…”和该段中间的“In practice， continuity allows us…to highlight similarities in evolved traits including individual feelings and passions”可知，选项A应为答案。

　　2．根据第一段的后半段“Charles Darwin’s well-accepted ideas about evolutionary continuity，that…murky and permeable”，尤其该段最后一句“The borders between‘them’(animals)and‘us’are murky and permeable”可知，选项B应为答案。

　　3．根据第二段中的“But science is never as certain as many would like it to be”和“Uncertainty，far from being a barrier to progress，is actually a strong stimulus…”可知，选项A应为答案。

　　4．根据第二段最后一句“Uncertainty，far from being a barrier to progress，is actually a strong stimulus for，and an important ingredient of，creativity”可知，选项8应为答案。

　　5．第三段最后一句“Using behavior as our guide，by analogy we map the feelings of other beings onto our own em0tional templates，and we do it very reliably”是该段的主题句，其前面提到的“the response to his questions”的例子是用来说明这个主题句的。所以，选项D应为答案。[NextPage]