The more influential tradition of mental testing was developed by Binet and his collaborator， Theodore Simon，in France．In l 904 the minister of public instruction in Paris named a commission to studv or create tests that would insure that mentally retarded children received an adequate education． The minister was also concerned that certain children were being placed in classes for the retarded not because they were retarded but because they had behaviour problems，and teachers did not want them in their classrooms．Even before Wissler’s research，Binet，who was charged with developing the new test， had flatly rej ected the Galtonian tradition，believing that Galton’s tests measured fairly—triv—ial abilities． He proposed instead that tests of intelligence should measure skills such as j udgment，comprehension， and reasonin9——the same kinds of skills measured on most intelligence tests today．Binet’s early test was taken to the United States by a Stanford University psychologist，Lewis Terman，whose version came to be called the Stanford-Binet test．This test has been revised frequently and continues in use．
The Stanford-Binet test，and others like it，have traditionally yielded at the very least an overall score referred to as an intelligence quotient，or IQ．Some tests，such as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(Revised)and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(Revised)yield an overall IQ as well as separate IQs for verbal and perfofinance subtests．An example of a verbal subtest would be vocabulary， whereas an example of a performance subtest would be picture arrangement，the latter requiring an examinee to arrange a set of pictures into a sequence SO that they tell a comprehensible story．④
IQ was originally computed as the ratio of mental age tO chronological(physical)age，multiplied by100．Thus，if a child of lo had a mental age of l2(that is，performed on the test at the level of an average l2一year-old)，the child was assigned an IQ of(12／10)100，or l20．If the lO-year-old had a mental age of eight，the child’S IQ would be(8／10)i00，or 80．A score of l00，where the mental age equals the chronological age，is average．
As discussed above，the concept of mental age has fallen into disrepute，and few tests continue tO involve the computation of mental ages．Many tests still yield an IQ，but they are most often computed on the basis of statistical distributions．The scores are assigned on the basis of what percentage of people of a given group would be expedted tO have a certain to．[419 words]
1．Binet’S test was designed______．
A．to measure IQ
B．to take the place of Galton’S tests
C．tO create a model for modern intelligence tests
D．tO guarantee an equal education tO all children
2．The underlined word“trivial”in the first paragraph most probably means______．
A．fundamental
B．principal
C．petty
D．worthwhile
3．According tO this passage，IQ______．
A．has been OUt of date
B．will soon be replaced by statistical distribution tests
C．iS usually calculated in terms of statistical distributions
D．refers tO the ratio of mental age to physical age，multiplied by 100
4．It iS TRUE that______．
A．the Galton’S tests were the basis of the Binet test
B．vocabulary skill is usually considered one of trivial abilities
C．the Stanfor小Binet test was less traditional than the Binet test
D．the Stanford-Binet test was developed Oll the basis of the Binet test
5．The proper title for this passage should be______．
A．The IQ Test
B．Binet’S Test
C．The Standford—Binet Test
D．The Tradition of Mental Testing [NextPage]
难句透析
①In 1904 the minister of public instruction in Paris named a commission to study or create tests[that would insure(that mentally retarded children received an adequate education)]．
【结构】本句中，用方括号标示出的“that”从句是定语从句，修饰“tests”；用圆括号标示出的从句是“insure”的宾语从句。
【释义】l904年，法国巴黎的公共教育部长任命了一个委员会研究创建新的测试手段，以保证智力低下的儿童能得到适当的教育。
②The Stanford—Binet test，and others like it，have traditionally yielded at the very least an overall score[re^rred to as an intelligence quotient，or IQ]．
【结构】本句的主语是“The Stanford—Binet test，and others like it”；其中，“it”代替“The Stanford—Binet test”；谓语动词是“have yielded”；“at the very least”的意思是“至少”；过去分词短语“Mferred to as an intelligence quotient，or IQ”用做定语，修饰“an overall score”。
【释义】传统上，至少斯坦福一比奈测试和其他与其相似的测试最终的结果都是一项总分。这个总分称之为智商或IQ。
③An example of a verbal subtest would be vocabulary，whereas”an example of a performance subtest would be picture arrangement，[the latter requiring an examinee to arrange a set of pictures into a sequence(so that they tell a comprehensible story)]．
【结构】本句由用“whereas”连接在一起的两个分句并列而成。用方括号标示出的部分是现在分词独立主格结构；“the latter”是现在分词“requiring”的逻辑主语；“the latter”指的是：“an example of a performance subtest”。用圆括号标示出的部分是“so that”引导的目的状语从句；其中，主语“they”指的是：“flset of pictures”。
【释义】 口头语言测试的一个实例是测验词汇能力，而行为表现测试的一个实例是测验拼图能力。后者要求受试者把一组图徊排列成一个序列，这个序列应能表达一件符合情理的事。
全文翻译
更具影响力的智商测试方法是由比奈和他的合作者西尔多·西蒙在法国创建的。1904年，法国巴黎的公共教 育部长任命了一个委员会研究创建新的测试手段，以保证智力低下的儿童能得到适当的教育。①这位部长同时还操 心有的孩子被分配到智障班级当中并不是因为他们真的智力发育迟缓，而是他们存在行为方面的问题，并且老师 。们也不希望自己的班上有这样的学生。甚至还在威斯勒的研究之前，比奈就已经完全放弃了加尔顿式的传统方 法，当时他已经被指派去研究新的测试标准，他认为加尔顿的测试只能测量到一些无关紧要的能力。他提议新的 智力测试应该能够测量一些技术性的指标，比如说判断、理解和推理等——这些指标至今仍在沿用。比奈的测试 被斯坦福大学的一位心理学家刘易斯·特曼带到了美国，由他改编后的版本被称为斯坦福一比奈测试。这个测试 经常进行修订并沿用至今。
传统上，至少斯坦福一比奈测试和其他与其相似的测试最终的结果都是一项总分。这个总分称之为智商或 IQ。一些测试，比如说威斯勒成人智商量表(修订版)和威斯勒儿童智商量表(修订版)不仅给出一个智商总分，同时 还分别给出口头测试和行为测试的独立智商分数。口头语言测试的一个实例是测验词汇能力，而行为表现测试的一 个实例是测验拼图能力。后者要求受试者把一组图画排列成一个序列，这个序列应能表达一件符合情理的事。
智商最初的计算方式就是以心理年龄除以年代(生理)年龄，再乘以100。因此，一个10岁的孩子如果有12岁 的心理年龄(也就是这个孩子的表现等同于12岁孩子们的平均值)，那么这个孩子的智商就是(12／10)100，或写作 120。如果一个10岁孩子的心理年龄仅为8岁，那么他的智商就是(8／10)100，或写作80。得l00分，即意味着其 心理年龄与实际年龄相当，也即达到平均值。
如同上面说到的，计算心理年龄的方法现在已经很没有名气了，很少有测试还在进行心理年龄的计算。很多测试仍然会给出一个智商数，但是他们通常是基于统计上的分布而计算出来的。分值的计算是根据一个给定的人群中应有多少人获得一定程度的智商而定的。
超纲词汇
Chronological adj．按年代顺序排列的
disrepute n．坏名声，无信誉，不光彩
Retarded adj．智力迟钝的，发展迟缓的
参考答案：1．D 2．C 3．C 4．D 5．A
