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2015年职称英语考试语法知识复习26
发布时间:2012/10/26 15:17:39 来源:城市网学院 编辑:admin
   (三)怎么连接?
    关键是看先行名词(被修饰或说明的那个名词)在从句中充当什么成分(主语、宾语、表语?状语?定语?)这是能否辨别定语从句和能否正确选择连接词的关键所在。
    (在从句中)当主语、宾语、表语时:
    ↗ 人 → who (宾格用whom)
    限制性定语从句:that
    ↘ 物 → that ( = which)
    注意:虽然在限制性定语从句中,关系代词that = which, 但是,当:
    (1) 先行词是all, both, none, nothing, anything, everything, much, such等不定代词时;
    (2) 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时;
    (3) 先行词被序数词(如第一,第二等)修饰时;
    (4) 先行词被the very, the only, any, no等词修饰时
    只能用that,不能用which连接。
    也就是说,在限制性定语从句中,连接物的关系代词用“that” 总是对的。
    这是考试判题的重要思路。不一定要刻意去死背硬记上面四条具体的规则。
    ↗人 → who (宾格用whom)
    非限制性定语从句:
    ↘物 → which (不要用that)
    注意:非限制性定语从句(连接词前面一般有“,”号)中,不会出现“that”
    记住上述要点了吗?做几道题,巩固一下上面所讲的内容:
    尽量不要查字典!
    1)The book ______ is now out of stock
    A. which he bought it last week
    B. which he bought last week
    C. which he had bought last week
    D. which it was bought last week
    解题思路:如果你选择了A或D,说明你对“句子成分”的概念,或对关系代词在句子中可以做什么成分还不清楚,应该好好复习“什么叫定语从句?”一节;如果选C,说明你对时态概念仍不清楚,再复习“过去完成时”一节;正确答案为B,“which”在从句中做动词bought的宾语。这里能不能将“which”改成“that”呢?当然可以,而且现在更多的是用“that”.实际使用中,该句子中的“which”或“that”可以省掉,即:The book he bought last week is now out of stock. (他上周买的那本书现在脱销。) ,即:当关系代词在从句中当宾语时,可以省掉。
    2) He is the man ______ is capable of finishing this task.
    A. he
    B. whom
    C. who
    D. which
    解题思路:正确答案为C,关系代词在从句中当主语,故选择主格who而不是whom;任何A、D选择说明学生缺乏最基本的语法概念,应补最基础的语法课。
    3)The only thing _____ can be done is to stop them from going there.
    A. which
    B. that
    C. what
    D. who
    解题思路:记住:定语从句中永远不可能出现what做连接词, 记住这句话对理解“名词性从句”会大有帮助; 既然先行词为thing(事情), 就不能用who连接;同时出现“which”和“that”,又没有“,”号,当然选B(the only thing只能用 that连接,不能用 which连接)。下面一题的思路是一样的:
    4)All ______ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.
    A. which is needed
    B. that is needed
    C. what is needed
    D. is needed
    正确答案是:B 注意:all that = what, 不可能出现all what
    5) Some of the roads have been flooded(淹没), ______ our journey more difficult.
    A. it makes
    B. they make
    C. which makes
    D. which make
    解题思路:四个答题中有两个区分点:第一个区分点是:C、D都用了连接词“which”,而A、B没有用,根据“逗号不能连接两个句子”的原则,A、B肯定不对;第二个区分点是:C、D中,动词一个用单数形式makes,一个用复数形式,这里应选择C.为什么?非限制性定语从句中,除了说明先行的某个名词外,还可以说明整个句子的内容,此时动词用单数形式。全句意思:有的路已被洪水淹没,这使我们的旅行更加困难。“which”代表“有的路已被洪水淹没”这件事情。
    考试时,当出现类似形式的题目而确实又看不懂句子意思时,应倾向于选择which + 单数动词的那个选项。
    6)They have made another wonderful discovery, ______ of great importance to science.
    A. which I think is
    B. I think which is
    C. which I think it is
    D. I think of which is
    解题思路:英语中的连接词一般都是放在从句的最前面,据此,可以排除B、D选项;A、C的区分点是“it”, 想一下本节的第一题,就能正确选择答案A了。此类题目中,I think应理解为“插入语”,要熟悉这种形式,
    又如:
    He is the man ______ I suppose is capable of finishing this task.
    该题应填who而不是whom
    (在从句中)当状语时:关系副词where及when
    where : 当先行名词在从句中当“地点状语”时,用关系副词where连接
    例如:
    The crime rate rises in cities where the unemployment rate increases. (失业率高的城市犯罪率也高。) 句中的where = in cities, 表示行为发生的地点。
    这里的要点是能否区分是用that (which) 还是用 where, 即:是做“主语、宾表语”,还是做“地点状语”,例如:
    I love the small town that we visited last week.
    句中“town”做动词“visited”的宾语,即“参观过的小镇”,故用that连接。
    I love the small town where I lived during my childhood.
    句中“town” 是动词“lived”的地点,即“童年时住过的小镇”,故用where.
    这也是定语从句的一个考点。
    when : 当先行名词在从句中当“时间状语”时,用关系副词when连接, 例如:
    July is the month when we have a lot of rain. (七月是多雨的月份。)
    注意“when”定语从句后推的现象,例如:
    I think (that) the day will finally #e when air pollution can be put under control. (我认为空气污染得以控制的一天最终会来到。)
    放在主句后面作非限制定语从句时(前面一般加“,”号),“when”一般译为“此时”,“那时”, 例如:
    The meeting will be put off until next month, when we will have made all the preparations. (会议将推迟到下月,那时一切就准备就绪了。)
    另一个关系副词是why,由于它固定与the reason搭配, 即: the reason why,不难理解,一般也不作为考试的重点。例如:
    This is the reason why the electronic #puter cannot entirely replace man. 这就是(为什么)电子计算机不能完全代替人的原因。
    whose (= of which / whom):做先行词(不管是人还是物)的定语,汉语为“…的”,不要考虑是否是限制性或非限制性定语从句, 例如:
    Pay attention to that boy whose temperature is very high. (理论上也可以写成:Pay attention to that boy the temperature of whom is very high. 注意那个男孩,他的体温很高。(非限制性) / 注意那个体温很高的男孩。(限制性)
    介词 + which (whom)
    先看两个句子:
    This is the house. He has lived in the house for over 30 years.
    变为↓定语从句
    This is the house in which he has lived for over 30 years.
    上述句子中,先行词在从句中充当介词宾语,形成“介词 + which / whom”的形式,考试时要求作出1)要不要介词;2)若要,使用什么介词的判断。由于英语中介词搭配多为习惯用法,没有多少规律可循,因此这是定语从句考试的一个难点。
    记住四个字:瞻前顾后
    瞻前:先看看先行词一般与什么介词搭配,例如:
    There are occasions _____ which joking is not permissible.
    → Joking is not permissible _____ (certain) occasions.
    常与occasion搭配的介词是什么?on, 即:
    Joking is not permissible on (certain) occasions. (有的场合是不容许开玩笑的。)
    ↓
    There are occasions on which joking is not permissible.
    顾后:看看谓语动词常与什么介词搭配,例如:
    This car, ____ which I paid a lot of money, is now out of date.
    → I paid a lot of money ______ this car.
    Pay (money) for something 是一个固定的搭配,因此应填介词 “for”
    当A、B、C、D中出现 “ 介词 + which / whom” 选项时,而你又确实看不懂时,应倾向于选择“ 介词 + which / whom”的形式,例如:
    The two elements _____ water is made are the gases oxygen and hydrogen.
    A. that
    B. which
    C. with which
    D. of which
    倾向选择C、D;正确答案D,“be made of ”(由…组成):
    The two elements are gases (oxygen and hydrogen)。
    Water is made of the two elements.
    两个句子一合并,便是该句选择。
    (四)其他应注意的确问题:
    (1) 同位语从句只能用“that”连接
    常见的同位语先行词有:fact(事实), possibility(可能), idea(想法), belief(相信), doubt(疑问), news(消息), order(命令), promise(承诺), evidence(证据), suggestion(建议)等,例如:
    Is there any possibility that all the villagers can send their children to school?(有没有这种可能,所有村民都能送他们的孩子上学?)
    There can be no doubt that he is a qualified doctor.(毫无疑问,他是个合格的医生。)
    (2) “as” 也可以做关系代词用于连接定语从句,特别是在“such…as…”, “the same as…” 以及“正如…”的结构中,例如:
    I have never seen a thing as he described. (我从未见过他所描述的那种事。)
    As was expected, the performance was a great success. (正如所料,演出获得了巨大成功。)
    把该句理解为:The performance was a great success, which was expected,就比较容易理解as的这种用法。
    将定语从句的连接用三句话归纳一下:
    ↗ 人用who / whom
    (1)先行词在从句中当主、宾、表语 →定语用whose
    ↘ 物用that (= which)/ 非限制用which
    ↗地点状语用:where
    (2)先行词在从句中当 →原因状语(reason)用:why
    ↘ 时间状语用:when
    (3)介词 + which / whom结构:瞻前顾后
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