2015年考研英语阅读理解考前专项训练（26）
发布时间：2012/10/30 22:54:12 来源：城市网学院 编辑：admin
【英译汉】
（1）Ever since the mid 1980s, when OPEC's attempts to keep the oil price high collapsed in the face of rising supply,only w ar has been potent enough to lift the price back to the levels of the l970s.Thedifference today from the last era of high prices，says Tom Collina，of 20／20 Vision，an environmentalist group，is that oil producers are pumping as fast as they can，but cannot keep pace with demand. examda.
The robust economic growth of America，coupled with industrial revolutions in China and India，has helped to ensure a very different market for energy.（2）The world got used to relying on spare capacity of a few million b／d in Saudi Arabia that could always cap price spikes in an emergency（it did just that in the first Gulf war and again d—uring an oil-workers'strike in Venezuela in 2003）。But demand has 8teadily eaten awav reserves and investment has failed to keep up. In the tight markets for energy since 2004' some identified a fear premium0f$1015 a barrel reflecting the threat of lost supply.Even slowez demand grclwth in 2005 did little to lower prices.examda.
（3）The tightness of capacity extends into refining and gas supply, leaving consumers vulnerable to any external shocks--such as the two hurricanes, Katrina and Rita, which hit the Gulf of Mexico in the autumn. The hurricanes put a dozen oil refineries accounting for 16% of US capacity temporarily out of action. American refining fell to its lowest level since March 1987, according to Petroleum Economist. The price of petrol rose above $ 3 a gallon a level shockingly high to Americans, cheap as it might seem to Japanese or Europeans. Democrats accused the oil #panies of price gouging, while Republicans argued for an easing of environmental laws restricting oil drilling and refinery building. examda.
All this makes it a producers' world, which no one has exploited as gleefully as Hugo Chdvez. Venezuela's president has always believed in oil as a tool of geopolitics, to be used against American“imperialism”. In 2004 he unilaterally raised the royalties on super-heavy crude production in the Orinoco belt from 1% to 16.6%--and may yet increase it to 30%. In 2005 he increased the tax rate paid by the foreign oil #panies from 34% to 50%, and then hit them with huge bills for unpaid “back taxes”.（4）The latest of his measures was to insist on the 22 foreign #panies operating service contracts to switch, by December 31st 2005, to joint-ventures, in which the government would hold the lion's share. All but Exxon Mobil eventually did so. examda.
Strangely, perhaps, consumers can learn a #forting lesson from all this. For all his mischief- making, even a populist like Mr Chdvez has never looked like cutting supplies to what Venezuela calls its“fundamental market” in America. America would notice a cut in Venezuelan supplies, which normally account for about 12-13% of its imports. But it could always buy oil on the world market. Venezuela would be worse hit. （5）It would be hard-pressed to find other markets for about half of its production, especially since most of its crude is high in sulphur and unsuitable for most refineries. [528 words]
超纲词汇
gleefully adv.愉快地
gouge v.诈骗，敲竹杠
hard—pressed adj.处于困境的，面临困难的
populist n.乎民主义者
potent adj.（政治上）强有力的
spike峰值 [NextPage] 【参考译文】
（1）20世纪80年代中期，由于石油供给增多，石油输出国组织试图保持高油价的努力以失败告终。从那时起，只有 战争才有足够的力量把油价提升到70年代的水平。
（2）世界习惯于依赖沙特阿拉伯每天几百万桶的额外供油能力。在紧急时，总能抑制住价格峰值（在第一次海湾战争时， 就起到了这个作用。在2003年委内瑞拉石油工人罢工时，又一次起了作用）。
（3）产能紧张延伸到石油精炼和汽油供应，使消费者经受不起任何外来的冲击，比如，去年秋天袭击墨西哥湾的两 次飓风，卡特里娜和丽塔，所造成的冲击。
（4）雨果·查维兹总统采取最新措施，坚持在2005年12月31日以前把22家外国公司控股的服务业合同转变为 合资，其中，政府要享有最大份额。除埃克森美孚公司外，其他公司最终都照办了。
（5）委内瑞拉生产的石油，大约有一半难以找到其他市场。特别是由于其大部分原油中硫的含量过高，不适合大多 数石油精炼厂。
【句结构解析】
（1）Ever since the mid一1980s，when OPEC's attempts to keep the oil price high collapsed in the face of rising supply]。only war has been potent enough to lift the price back to the levels of the 1970s.
（2）The world got used to relying on spare capacity of a few million b／d in Saudi Arabia[that could always cap price spikes in an emergency（it did just that in the first Gulf war and again during an oil workers'strike in Venezue a in 2003）].
（3）The tightness of capacity extends into refining and gas supply，[1eaving consumers vulnerable to any external shocks--such as the two hurricanes，Katrina and Rita，（which hit the Gulf of Mexico in the autumn）。
（4）The latest of his measures was to insist on the 22 foreign #panies operating service contracts to switch，by December 31st 2005，to jointventures，[in which the government would hold the lion's share].All but Exxon Mobil eventually did s0.
（5）It would be hard-pressed[to find other markets for about half of its production]，especially[since most of it scrude is high in sulphur and unsuitable for most refineries].
全文翻译
（1）20世纪80年代中期，由于石油供给增多，石油输出国组织试图保持高油价的努力以失败告终。从那时起，只有战争才有足够的力量把油价提升到70年代的水平。今天油价再次走高却与从前有着很大的不同，根据环保组织20／20视界的汤姆·克里纳的说法，“产油国已经开足马力进行生产，但仍然不能够跟上需求增长的步伐。”
美国经济的活跃发展，再加上中国和印度的工业革命，都确保了一个与以前截然不同的能源市场状况。（2）世界习惯于依赖沙特阿拉伯每天几百万桶的额外供油能力。在紧急时，总能抑制住价格峰值（在第一次海湾战争时，就起到了这个作用。在2003年委内瑞拉石油工人罢工时，又一次起了作用）。但是平稳增长的需求仍在不断消耗原油储备，对新能源开发的投资也没有跟上步伐。自2004年能源市场供货紧缺以来，就有人预计因为供给不力所带来的威胁将会造成每桶原油10一15美金的“担忧加价”。即使2005年需求增速放缓也没能有效降低油价。
（3）产能紧张延伸到石油精炼和汽油供应，使消费者经受不起任何外来的冲击，比如，去年秋天袭击墨西哥湾的两次飓风，卡特里娜和丽塔，所造成的冲击。由于飓风的侵袭，占美国市场16％的炼油厂被临时中止生产。根据《石油经济学者》的说法，美国当时的炼油量降到了自1987年以来的最低值。石油价格每加仑上涨3美元还多——尽管在日本和欧洲看来这个价格还很低，但是对美国人而言已经是出奇的高了。民主党人指责石油公司们在搞价格欺诈，而共和党人则督促放宽限制开采石油和建立炼油厂的相关法规。
这些情况都使得世界市场倒向生产者一方，世界上再没有像雨果·查维兹这样的人尽情地利用了这一大好时机了。委内瑞拉的总统一直以来都将石油作为地缘政治斗争中的一种工具，用于对抗美国的“帝国主义”。2004年，他单方面将奥里诺科地带的超重原油开采税由1％提升至16.6％——而且很有可能继续提升到30％。2005年，他又将对外资石油企业的征税额度由34％提高到50％，随后还向这些公司开出高额账单，以征收他们的“滞后税金”。（4）雨果·查维兹总统采取最新措施，坚持在2005年12月31日以前把22家外国公司控股的服务业合同转变为合资，其中，政府要享有最大份额。除埃克森美孚公司外，其他公司最终都照办了。
令人奇怪的是，消费者们可以从这些事情中获得一些欣慰的消息。尽管他耍尽各种手段，哪怕就像查维兹这样一个平民主义者也从未想要对委内瑞拉称为“基础市场”的美国中断石油供应。美国当然会注意到委内瑞拉是否减少了石油供应，因为这占到其进口量的12—13％。但他仍然能从世界市场上购得原油。受伤更重的只会是委内瑞拉。（5）委内瑞拉生产的石油，大约有一半难以找到其他市场，特别是由于其大部分原油中硫的含量过高，不适合大多数石油精炼厂。
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