2015年考研英语阅读理解考前专项训练（31）
发布时间：2012/10/31 12:52:44 来源：城市网学院 编辑：admin
[英译汉]
Empirical evidence is evidence that one can see, hear, touch, taste, or smell; it is evidence that is susceptible to one's senses. （1）Empirical evidence is important because it is evidence that others besides yourself can experience, and it is repeatable, so empirical evidence can be checked by yourself and Others.
（2） Empirical evidence is the only type of evidence that possesses these attributes and is therefore the only type used by scientists and critical thinkers to make vital decisions and reach sound conclusions.
We can contrast empirical evidence with other types of evidence to understand its value.
（3）Hearsay evidence is what someone says they heard another say; it is not reliable because you cannot check its source. Better is testimonial evidence, which, unlike hearsay evidence, is allowed in courts of law. But even testimonial evidence is notoriously unreliable, as numerous studies have shown. Courts also allow circumstantial evidence （e.g, means, motive, and opportunity）， but this is obviously not reliable.
The most #mon alternative to empirical evidence, authoritarian evidence, is what authorities （people, books, billboards, television #mercials, etc. ） tell you to believe. Sometimes, if the authority is reliable, authoritarian evidence is reliable evidence, but many authorities are not reliable, so you must check the reliability of each authority before you accept its evidence. In the end, you must be your own authority and rely on your own powers of critical thinking to know if what you believe is reliably true. Transmitting knowledge by authority is, however, the most #mon method among humans for three reasons: first, we are all conditioned from birth by our parents through the use of positive and negative reinforcement to listen to, believe, and obey authorities; second.
（4）it is believed that human societies that relied on a few experienced or trained authorities for decisions that affected all had a higher survival value than those that didn't, and thus the behaviorial trait of susceptibility to authority was strengthened and passed along to future generations by natural selection; third, authoritarian instruction is the quickest and most efficient method for transmitting information we know about.
（5）But remehaber: some authoritarian evidence and knowledge should be validated by empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and critical thinking before you should consider it reliable, and, in most cases, only you can do this for yourself. #[379 words]
超纲词汇
Condition n训练，使适应
Validate vt.确认，证实，验证
empiricaladj.经验主义的 [NextPage] 【参考译文】
（1）经验证据很重要。这是因为，经验证据是一种除你之外其他人也能体验的证据；而且，经验证据是可重复的，你自己和其他人都能对其进行检验。
（2）只有经验证据具备这些特性。因此，科学工作者和严谨思考的人在做重大决定和归纳可靠结论时，只使用经验 证据。
（3）非直接证据指某人说自己听到的别人所说的话。非直接证据不可靠，因为无法检验其城市网。经鉴定的证据比 较好。与非直接证据不同，在法律上，经鉴定的证据可以用做庭证。
（4）人类社会依靠少数有经验的或经过培养的权威人士做出影响所有人的决定。大家认为，这样的社会更容易延 续下去。而且认为，听信权威的行为特征，在自然选择过程中，被强化并一代代地流传下去。
（5）但是，请记住：某些权威性的证据和知识，首先应该经受经验证据、逻辑推理和严密思考的检验，然后才能认为 其可靠；而且，在大多数情况下，只有你自己才能做到这一点。
【句结构解析】
（1）Empirical evidence is important-because it is evidence（that others besides yourself can experience），and it is repeatable，（so empirical evidence can be checked by yourself and others）].
（2）Empirical evidence is the only type of evidence[that possesses these attributes]and is therefore the only type used by scientists and critical thinkers to make vital decisions and reach sound conclusions].
（3） Hearsay evidence is[what someone says they heard another say]；it is not reliable[because you cannot check its source].Better is testimonial evidence，[which，unlike hearsay evidence，is allowed in courts of law].
（4）it is believed[that l'human societies（that relied on a few experienced or trained authorities for decisions that affected all）had a higher survival value than those（that didn't），and thus the behaviorial trait of susceptibili ty to authority was strengthened and passed along to future generations by natural selection]；
（5）But remember：some authoritarian evidence and knowledge should be validated by empirical evidence，logical reasoning.and critical thinking[before you should consider it reliable]，and，in most cases，only you can.
全文翻译
经验证据是一个人能够看见、听见、触摸到、尝到或闻到的证据；它容易受到一个人感官的影响。（1）经验证据很重要。这是因为，经验证据是一种除你之外其他人也能体验的证据；而且，经验证据是可重复的，你自己和其他人都能对其进行检验。（2）只有经验证据具备这些特性。因此，科学工作者和严谨思考的人在做重大决定和归纳可靠结论时，只使用经验证据。
我们可以把经验证据与其他类型的证据相对比来了解其价值。（3）非直接证据指某人说自己听到的别人所说的话。非直接证据不可靠，因为无法检验其城市网。经鉴定的证据比较好。与非直接证据不同，在法律上，经鉴定的证据可以用做庭证。但是，众多研究表明，即便是证人证言也极不可靠。法庭还允许情况证据（如：手段、动机和时机），但这种证据显然也不可靠。
最常见的可替代经验证据的是权威性证据，也就是权威（包括权威人士、书籍、布告牌、电视广告等）让你相信的事。有时，如果权威可靠，权威性证据就是可靠证据，但是，很多权威并不可靠，所以在接受证据前你必须检查每个权威是否可靠。最后，你必须是自己的权威，依靠自己的力量批判性地思考，以获知你相信的是否真实可靠。不过，由权威传播知识是人类最普遍的方法，这是由于有以下三个原因：第一，从一出生，我们就受到父母的调教。他们从正反两个方面来强调，让我们习惯于去倾听、相信并遵从权威。第二，（4）人类社会依靠少数有经验的或经过培养的权威人士做出影响所有人的决定。大家认为，这样的社会更容易延续下去。而且认为，听信权威的行为特征，在自然选择过程中，被强化并一代代地流传下去。第三，权威的指导是我们获取信息最快捷、最有效的方法。（5）但是，请记住：某些权威性的证据和知识，首先应该经受经验证据、逻辑推理和严密思考的检验，然后才能认为其可靠；而且，在大多数情况下。只有你自己才能做到这一点。
