2015年考研英语阅读理解考前专项训练（40）
发布时间：2012/10/31 13:05:37 来源：城市网学院 编辑：admin
Why is it that each of several persons who share a #mon situation or setting will develop different beliefs?Why do individuals consider their beliefs true and others'beliefs false?Why do they value one thing as ugly while others value the same thing as beautiful?Or judge something or someone morally good or bad?Or accept something as real or not real?Why are we happy or unhappy?Can one of us contribute to the happiness of others?How do we learn to enjoy life?As we think about these kinds of questions，we are engaging in philosophical activity.This serves as the basis for formulating beliefs，a philosophy，related to the culture out of which the philosophical problems have grown.One's individual philosophy then can be defined as the organized system of convictions or beliefs adapted from this philosophical activity.
The literal meaning of philosophy is“love of wisdom”。If one thinks of wisdom as“a high degree of knowledge”。the extended literal meaning of philosophy be#es“love of a high degree of knowledge”。 On this point.Aristotle made a statement that typifies Greek thought：“All men by nature desire to know.”Aristotle's statement does not specify“what”men and women desire to know.What to know as the essence of wisdom is something about which individuals disagree.Wisdom as the basis of philosophy en#passes religion，science，and art；it engages one's thinking and deals with abstract concepts and theory.One who is seeking wisdom is concerned with observations，values，mental pictures，spiritual beings，knowledge，and nature.
Philosophy is speculative in that it attempts to construct patterns from life experiences that give meaning to reality in the universe.①Philosophy is prescriptive in that it evaluates facts for the purpose of re#mending what ought to be as well as what is.Questions examining good or bad，right or wrong，beautiful or ugly are questions of prescriptive philosophy.Philosophy extends scientific statements of fact by considering questions that lie beyond the scope of science.
There is general agreement that there are three fundamental questions that are important in describing philosophy：What iS real?
HOW do we know? What iS of value? When you are able tO determine your own answers tO these questions，the answers will mean the most tO you.Many individuals（teachers），however，borrow from existing systems of thought as they try tO substantiate beliefs and discover wisdom.Classical philosophers tried tO answer these basic questions； their speculations have proved of inexhaustible interest tO all subsequent thinkers.Human life takes on meaning as the varied aspects of experience fall into some pattern.Philosophy tries tO investigate the whole of reality by assessing experiences and then organizing those experiences in a way that is sensible tO the individual.From this perspective，philosophy can be considered to be an inquiry into the whole human and cultural enterprise
1.The questions at the beginning of this passage are designed to______
A.define philosophy
B.define personal philosophy
C.clarify what people usually think
D.illustrate what philosophical activity may involve
2.Aristotle'S statement quoted in paragraph 2 ______.
A.clarifies what people desire to know
B.specifies the basis of philosophy
C.is used to explain what philosophy really means
D.is given to explain the essence of wisdom
3.According to this text，philosophy______
A.concerns more than scientific statements of fact
B.iS able tO solve all kinds of questions in the universe
C.attempts tO substantiate human beliefs
D.en#passes nothing but religion，science and art
4.It can be inferred from the text that______
A.philosophy is a high degree of knowledge
B.philosophy is inquisitive in nature
C.philosophy is concerned with seeking truth
D.philosophy is able tO answer all the fundamental questions in the universe
5.This text is mainly about______
A.the speculative nature of philosophy
B.the prescriptive nature of philosophy
C.the origin of philosophy
D.the meaning of philosophy[NextPage] 难句透析
①Philosophy is speculative in[that it attempts to construct patterns from life experiences（that give meaning to re- ality in the universe）].
【结构】方括号所标示的部分是介词“in”的宾语从句；在这个宾语从句中的“that give…universe”是先行词“pat terns”的定语从句。
【释义】哲学的推断性在于，哲学试图从生活经验中构筑模式，这些模式为天下存在的万物赋以意义。
全文翻译
为什么一群身处同样境遇或拥有同样经历的人会产生各自不同的信仰？为什么每个人都只认为自己的信仰是真的而别人的信仰是假的？为什么对同一个事物有人认为是丑的，而又有人认为是美的？为什么对人的评价有善有恶？为什么会对事件分出真假？我们是幸福还是不幸？我们中的某一个人是否能为其他人都带来幸福呢？我们又是怎样学会去享受生活的？当我们去思考这些类型的问题时，我们就是在进行哲学活动。这就是形成信仰的基础，当然信仰也是哲学的一个分支，信仰的形成是和哲学问题所植根的文化紧密联系在一起的。根据这一点，个人的哲学观就可以归纳为是由这些哲学活动中所衍生出来的有秩序的观念和信仰体系。
哲学的字面意思是“热爱智慧”。如果有人将智慧视作“高级别的知识”，那哲学的延伸意义就是“热爱高级别的知识”。在这个问题上，亚里士多德曾做过一个能代表希腊人的典型思维的论断：“人与生俱来就渴望求知。”亚里士多德的论断也没有明确指出人们到底渴望知道些“什么”。作为智慧的核心理念，需要知道些什么一直是人们争论不休的问题。智慧是哲学的根基，它包括宗教、科学和艺术；它涉及个人的思想以及个人对抽象概念和理论的处理方法等。追寻智慧的人一般都注重观察、价值观、神经图像、精神存在、知识以及自然。
哲学的推断性在于，哲学试图从生活经验中构筑模式，这些模式为天下存在的万物赋以意义。哲学是先验性的，因为它在评估事实的时候都秉承着要举荐事物的正确发展方向，就如同说明它本身的存在一样。考察善恶、对错、美丑的问题都是先验主义哲学。哲学在为科学事实描述扩展外延的时候首先是考虑科学范畴之外的问题。
人们普遍认可在描述哲学问题时至关重要的三个方面：什么是真的？
我们怎么知道的？
什么才是有价值的？
当你能确定你自己对于这些问题的答案的时候，这些答案也将赋予你更多的意义。但是，很多人（老师）在试图充实信仰和启迪智慧时总是借用已有的思想体系。经典哲学家们就尝试着自己解答这些问题；他们的推断现在都被证实对后来的思想家们都具有无穷的魅力。人类的生命只有当不同的经历以一定的形式沉淀下来时才具有意义。哲学就是在尝试发掘和审视整个现实，在这个过程中它主要就是在评估既往的经验并将这些经验以可以理解的形式传达给个人。从这个角度上看，哲学可以被看做是对整个人类及其文化实体的探究。
超纲词汇
Aristotle n.亚里士多德
en#pass v.包围，环绕
参考答案：1.D 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.D
