2015年考研英语阅读理解考前专项训练（77）
发布时间：2012/11/2 13:21:09 来源：城市网学院 编辑：admin
Today，perhaps more than ever，America is a nation of racial and ethnic diversity.For example，the 1980s and l 990s saw a huge increase in the number of Hispanics and Asians who immigrated to the United States and changed the #plexion of our society.Furthermore，indications suggest that the trend toward racial and ethnic diversity will continue.
Because of the dramatic change in America's population，it is likely that when children go to school， the mall or the park，they will meet children who are racially or culturally different.。These differences may be visible in skin color，hair texture，dress or some #bination of these or other characteristics. Unfortunately，racism and prej udice tOO often influence how children relate to people they view as different.
Racism and prejudice are based on exaggerated myths and stereotypes.African-Americans，for instance，are particularly victimized by racism and prejudice.During the time of slavery，many white Americans considered Africa the“dark continent”。inhabited by savages who needed rescued from their wicked ways by Christians.③These types of myths and stereotypes formed the basis for racism and prejudice against Africans and served to justify the indignity and harsh treatment imposed upon them during slavery.④
Despite the passing of more than 300 years，the numerous contributions of African-Americans to society，the passing of the Civil Rights Act，and continued efforts to eliminate institutional racism，many imyths and stereotypes still form the basis for racism and prejudice against people of African descent.
Myths and stereotypes exist not only for African-Americans but also for many other American ethnic and racial groups such as Jewlsh-Americans，Italian-Americans，Asian-Americans，Mexican-Americans and Puerto Rican-Americans.Myths and stereotypes cannot be ignored.They form the very basis of racism and prejudice and affect how children of different racial and ethnic backgrounds relate to one another.
Prej udiced children have a selbimposed limitation on their educational，social and political development.Prej udice interferes with the learning and development of healthy relationships and can lead to psychological，social or physical harm to others.In essence，the effects of racism and prejudice on children affect both individual and societal potential，thus limiting us all.[354 words]
1.The sharp increase of Hispanic and Asian immigrants to the U.S.is given to show______.
A.the prevalence of racial and ethnic diversity in the u.s.
B.the potential change of the #plexion of American people
C.the overwhelming appeal of the U.S.for Hispanics and Asians
D.the primary reason for the expansion of the American population
2.It can be inferred from the text that______.
A.racism justifies the prejudice against immigrants
B.African-Americans are still treated unfairly in the U.S.
C.children racially different rarely study in the same school
D.people with racial diversity are living harmoniously in the U.S.
3.Which of the following can be thought of as an example of myths and stereotypes?
A.America has always been a nation of racial and ethnic diversity.
B.During slavery most Africans were treated harshly by white colonists.
C.African-Americans are particularly victimized by racism and prej udice.
D.Africa was once a dark place，where lived only savages who were to be saved.
4.Which of the following can account for racism and prejudice against African-American children?
A.The numerous contributions of African-Americans to America.
B.The still existing myths and stereotypes for African-Americans.
C.The indignity and harsh treatment imposed upon them in daily life.
D.The persistent efforts to eliminate racism and prej udice institutionally.
5.The text is chiefly about______.
A.the effects of racism and prej udice on children
B.the basis for racism and prej udice against Africans
C.the myths and stereotypes about African-Americans
D.the trend toward racial and ethnic diversity in America [NextPage] 难句透析
①For example，the l980s and l990s saw a huge increase in the number of Hispanies and Asians[who immiglraled to the United States and Changed the #plexion of our society].
【结构】方括号所标示的“who immigrated…society”是“Hispanics and Asians”的后置定语从句，其中有两个并列的谓语动词“immigrated”和“changed”。
【释义】例如，20世纪80年代和90年代，移民到美国的西班牙人和亚洲人的数量剧增，从而改变了美国社会的种族结构。
②Because of the dramatic change in America's population，it is likely[that（when children go to school，the mall or the park），they will meet children（who are racially or culturally different）].
【结构】代词“it”是主句的形式主语，替代方括号所标示的主语从句“that…they will meet children…”。圆括号所标示的“when children…park”是其中的时间状语从句。圆括号所标示的“who are…different”是“children”的后置定语从句。
【释义】由于美国人口构成发生了巨大的变化，因此孩子们去上学、购物或者到公园玩耍时，他们很可能会碰到不同种族或者具有不同文化背景的同龄人。
③During the time of slavery，many white Americans considered Africa the“dark continent”，[inhabited by savages（who needed rescued from their wicked ways by Christians）].
【结构】方括号所标示的过去分词短语“inhabited by…Christians”是“dark continent”的后置定语。圆括号所标示的“who needed…Christians”是“savages”的后置定语从句。
【释义】在奴隶制时期，众多的白种美国人认为非洲是“黑色的大陆”，居民都是野蛮人，需要得到基督教义的教化以把他们从荒蛮的生活方式中解救出来。
④These types of myths and stereotypes“formed the basis for racism and prejudice against Africans and”served to justify the indignity and harsh treatment[imposed upon them during slavery].
【结构】本句主语是“types”，后面跟有两个并列的谓语动词“formed”和“served”。方括号所标示的过去分词短语“imposed…slavery”是“indignity and harsh treatment”的后置定语，其中“them”指“Africans”。
【释义】这些荒诞想法和成见构成了针对非洲人的种族歧视，这也为非洲人在奴隶制时期遭遇到非人待遇提供了合理依据。
⑤[Despite“the passing of more than 300 years，”the numerous contributions of African—Americans to society，“the passing of the Civil Rights Act.and”continued efforts to eliminate institutional racism]。many myths and stereotypes still form the basis for ism and prejudice against people of African descent.
【结构】方括号所标示的介词短语“Despite…institutional racism”用做状语。用逗号和“and”连接的四个并列的名词短语the passin9…，the numerous contributions…，“the passing…，and”continued efforts…“，用做介词”Despite“的宾语。
【释义】尽管300多年过去了，非洲裔美国人对社会做出了重大的贡献，民权法案也得到了通过，人们也在为消除制度性种族歧视不懈努力，但是众多的不实说法以及被定格的形象仍然构成了非洲后裔遭遇种族歧视的基础。
全文翻译
现在美国不同种族的数量也许比任何时候都要多。例如，20世纪80年代和90年代，移民到美国的西班牙人和亚洲人的数量剧增，从而改变了美国社会的种族结构。另外，有迹象表明种族多样化的趋势将会持续。
由于美国人口构成发生了巨大的变化，因此孩子们去上学、购物或者到公园玩耍时，他们很可能会碰到不同种族或者具有不同文化背景的同龄入。而他们的不同之处也许可以通过肤色、发质、穿着或者其他不同的特点判断出来，或者通过各种不同特点的组合来判断。遗憾的是，种族主义以及种族歧视经常会对孩子们看待认为自己与众不同的人群产生影响。
种族主义和种族歧视是基于被夸大的不实说法以及被定格的形象发展出来的。比如，美籍非洲人尤其容易成为种族主义及种族歧视的受害者。在奴隶制时期，众多的白种美国人认为非洲是”黑色的大陆“，居民都是野蛮人，需要得到基督教义的教化以把他们从荒蛮的生活方式中解救出来……这些荒诞想法和成见构成了针对非洲人的种族歧视，这也为非洲人在奴隶制时期遭遇到非人待遇提供了合理依据。
尽管300多年过去了，非洲裔美国人对社会做出了重大的贡献，民权法案也得到了通过，人们也在为消除制度性种族歧视不懈努力，但是众多的不实说法以及被定格的形象仍然构成了非洲后裔遭遇种族歧视的基础。
不实的说法以及被定格的形象不仅仅出现在非洲裔美国人身上，其他的种族如美国犹太人、意大利裔美国人、亚裔美国人、墨西哥裔美国人以及波多黎各裔美国人也不能幸免。这些不实的说法及被定格的形象的作用不能被小视。它们构成了种族主义和种族歧视的基础，对不同种族的孩子如何看待其他种族产生很大的影响。
遭到歧视的儿童会对自身教育、社交及政治前途产生一种自我强加的局限。歧视会对了解和建立健康的社交关系有妨碍作用，还可能对别人心理、社交及身体上造成伤害。事实上，种族主义和种族歧视会对儿童产生影响，而这种影响对个人和社会都不利，最后妨碍我们所有人的发展。
超纲词汇
Mall n.购物中心，商场
Stereotype n.固定形式，老一套
Complexion n.面色，肤色，气色
ethnic adj.人种的，种族的，异教徒的
myths n.神话，虚构的故事
Victimize vt.使受害，使牺牲
Indignity n.侮辱，伤尊严
wicked 邪恶的
Descent n.血统，遗传
Savage n.野蛮人，原始人
rescue vt.援救，营救
Texture n.质地，纹理
参考答案：1.A 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.A
