2015年考研英语阅读理解考前专项训练（78）
发布时间：2012/11/2 13:22:55 来源：城市网学院 编辑：admin
The rise in unemployment rates and the slowdown in growth rates of GNP and per capita in#es throughout the capitalist world begi珈fling in the early l970s is clearly a case where demand and supply did not grow at similar rates.Many economists turned their attention to developing theories to explain this prolonged period of stagnation.A con3／non theme in much of their work was the adverse effects of high unemployment and low utilization of the capital stock on investment and，therefore，on productivity growth.
The high unemployment rates for labour and capital are initially traced to policies restricting aggregate demand that were pursued by monetary and fiscal authorities from the first half of the l970s. This policy response was widely interpreted by economists as an effort by the authorities to reduce inflation rates that had begun to accelerate in the latter l 960s.The continued use of restrictive policies is then related to fear on the part of the authorities that any attempt to restimulate their economies would merely bring back inflation.examda.examda.examda.
Tighter labour markets resulting from any such stimulative policies are seen to increase the bargaining power of labour。thereby leading to larger wage demands and settlements that in turn feed into prices，causing price inflation to accelerate.①This leads to yet higher wage demands in order to protect real wages and thus an explosive wage-price spiral.In addition，more stimulative aggregate demand policies are perceived to result in balance of payments difficulties at existing exchange rates.But any attempt to avoid larger payments deficits by reducing the exchange rate leads to the“importation”of inflation through higher prices of imported goods.The result of such considerations is reluctance of the authorities to attempt to create full employment through stimulative policies.
What emerges from these theories is a chain of causation that describes the way in which.in the period since World War Il，inflation and growth have be#e causally connected through the responses of governments to actual and anticipated inflationary pressures.Inflation and the fear of inflation lead to slow growth and high unemployment because the inability of governments to bring inflation under control at full employment by other means--e.g.，an in#e policy--constrains governments tO implement restrictive policies to #bat or forestall inflationary pressures.o Such responses lead，as they did in the early l970s，not only to high rates of unemployment of capital and labour but also to low rates of investment and productivity growth.Stagnation is the result，and such a scenario is a likely prospect for capitalism in the future.[425 words]
1.Many economists believed that______.
A.the economic slack was beyond explanation
B.the stagnation since the early l970s was normal
C.the long period of stagnation could be accounted for
D.the stagnation was nothing more than a #mon theme
2.Monetary and fiscal authorities______.
A.feared that more stimulative aggregate demand policies would lead to inflation
B.generally pursue more stimulative aggregate demand policies
C.thought that more stimulative aggregate demand policies would reduce inflation rates examda.examda.examda.
D.were usually reluctant to resort to restrictive policies
3.According to this passage,______.
A.demand and supply usually grow at similar rates
B.governments never use restrictive policies to forestall inflation
C.governments tend to use restrictive policies to guard against inflation
D.slow economic growth and high unemployment rates may lead to inflation
4.It seemed that______.
A.the restrictive policies have more advantages than stimulative ones
B.the stimulative policies usually lead to tighter market
C.the restrictive policies tend to result in inflation
D.the stimulative policies are likely to cause inflation
5.The proper title for this passage should be______.
A.The Fear of Inflation
B.Economic Stagnation
C.Restrictive Economic Policies
D.Stimulative Economic Policies [NextPage] 难句透析
①Tighter labour markets resulting from any such stimulative policies are seen to increase the bargaining power of labour，thereby leading to larger wage demands and settlements[that in turn feed into prices，causing price infla— tion to accelerate].
【结构】本句中，“Tighter labour markets”是主语；“are seen”是谓语动词；现在分词短语“resulting from any such stimulative policies”用做后置定语，修饰“Tighter labour markets”；现在分词短语“thereby leading t0…”用做伴随情况状语。方括号标示的部分是“settlements”的后置定语从句。
【释义】任何这样的刺激性政策都会导致劳动力市场紧张。人们认为劳动力市场紧张则会提高劳动力讨价还价的能力，因而会造成工资提高，造成的结局进而需要纳入价格来消化，导致价格加速通货膨胀。
②[What emerges from these theories]is a chain of causation[that describes the way（in which，in the period since World War Il，inflation and growth have be#e causally connected through the responses of governments to actual and anticipated inflationary pressures）].
【结构】本句中，由“what”引导的名词性从句是全句的主语；由“that”引导的定语从句修饰“a chain of causation”；由“in which”引导的非限制性定语从句修饰“the way”。“actual and anticipated inflationary pressures”是介词“t0”的宾语。
【释义】第二次世界大战后的一个时期，为应付实际存在的通货膨胀压力或预期可能会出现的通货膨胀压力，政府采取的对策中体现出：通货膨胀和经济增长之间有一定的因果关系。
这些理论所显现出的正是能描述当时情况的一连串因果关系。
③Inflation and the fear of inflation lead to slow growth and high unemployment[because the inability of govern— ments to bring inflation under control at full employment by other means e.g.。an in#e policy--constrains gov— ernments to implement restrictive policies to #bat or forestall inflationary pressures].
【结构】本句中，主句的主语是“Inflation and the fear of inflation”；方括号标示的原因状语从句中，主语是“the inability”；谓语动词是“constraints”。
【释义】通货膨胀和对通货膨胀的恐惧造成经济增长缓慢和高失业率。这是因为政府没有能力在充分就业的情况下以其他手段——比如；收入政策，来控制通货膨胀——因而迫使政府实行限制性的经济政策去应付或预防通货膨胀的压力。
全文翻译
自20世纪70年代以来，在资本主义世界各国发生的失业率上升，国民生产总值增速下降以及人均收入减少等问题很明显的都是由于供需增长的速度不一致而造成的。很多经济学家转而关注发展理论，以期能解释这个长期的停滞状态。他们所做的研究中一个共同的主题就是高失业率和对投资中资本的低效利用的负面影响，也就是对生产效率增速的研究。
对劳动力以及资本的高闲置率现象最早可以追溯到20世纪70年代上半叶，当时产生了对金融以及财政权威们集中采购行为进行限制的政策。产生这种政策的原因有许多经济学家都认为是决策者们为了降低自60年代末期开始加速发展的通货膨胀所做的努力。持续推行这些政策则是因为决策者们担心，任何重新刺激经济增长的举措都有可能再次引发通货膨胀。
任何这样的刺激性政策都会导致劳动力市场紧张。人们认为劳动力市场紧张则会提高劳动力讨价还价的能力，因而会造成工资提高，造成的结局进而需要纳入价格来消化，导致价格加速通货膨胀。这将会进一步导致更高的工资需求以期保护实际工资收入，而也将引发工资～价格螺旋式疯长。除此之外，更多的促进大宗需求的政策则被认为会导致在现行汇率水平下带来支付平衡方面的问题。但是任何企图降低汇率来避免更大规模的支付赤字的举措，将会使得通货膨胀随着进口货物的高价而被“进口”。对这些问题思考的结果就是决策者们不情愿地通过刺激性政策来创造全面的就业机会。
第二次世界大战后的一个时期，为应付实际存在的通货膨胀压力或预期可能会出现的通货膨胀压力。政府采取的对策中体现出：通货膨胀和经济增长之间有一定的因果关系。这些理论所显现出的正是能描述当时情况的一连串因果关系。通货膨胀和对通货膨胀的恐惧造成经济增长缓慢和高失业率。这是因为政府没有能力在充分就业的情况下以其他手段——比如：收入政策，来控制通货膨胀一一因而迫使政府实行限制性的经济政策去应付或预防通货膨胀的压力。这些回应的方法，就如同它们在70年代所起到的作用一样，不仅导致了资本和劳动力的高闲置，并且还致使投资率和生产率都同时下降。停滞不前是目前的结果，而且这样的情况也很有可能将是资本主义的未来。
超纲词汇
Constrain vt.强迫，抑制，约束
Forestall vt.（用先发制人的方法）预防，阻止
GNP abbr.国民生产总值
Importation n.进口，输入品
stagnation n.停滞
参考答案：1.C 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.B
