2015年考研英语阅读理解考前专项训练（126）
发布时间：2012/11/7 15:05:21 来源：城市网学院 编辑：admin
It's bad biology to argue against the existence of animal emotions.Scientific research in evolutionary biology，cognitive ethology and social neuroscience support the view that numerous and diverse animals have rich and deep emotional lives.Emotions have evolved as adaptations in numerous species and they serve as a social glue to bond animals with one another.Emotions also catalyze and regulate a wide variety of social encounters among friends and #petitors and permit animals to protect themselves adaptively and flexibly using various behavior patterns in a wide variety of venues.①Charles Darwin's well—accepted ideas about evolutionary continuity，that differences among species are differences in degree rather than kind，argue strongly for the presence of animal emotions，empathy，and even moral behavior.。In practice。continuity allows us to connect the“evolutionary dots”among different species to highlight similarities in evolved traits including individual feelings and passions.What we have since learned about animal emotions and empathy fits in well with what we know about the lifestyle of different species--how #plex their social interactions and social networks are.④Emotions，empathy，and knowing right from wrong are keys to survival，without which animals--both human and nonhuman-- would perish.That's how important they are.The borders between“them”（animals）and“us”are murky and permeable.
Studying animal emotions addresses a number of big questions concerning how science is conducted. Many skeptics feel.that we are so uncertain about whether other animals have any sort of emotional life that they prefer to put off weighing in until we know more.④For some。this really means waiting until we are absolutely sure.But science is never as certain as many would like it to be.Climate change researcher Henry Pollack says it well in his book Uncertain Science…Uncertain World：“Because uncertainty never disappears，decisions about the future，big and small，must always be made in the absence of certainty.Waiting until uncertainty is eliminated is an implicit endorsement of the status qu0， and often an excuse for maintaining it.…Uncertainty，far from being a barrier to progress，is actually a strong stimulus for，and an important ingredient of，creativity.
I often begin my lectures with the question：”Is there anyone in this audience who thinks that dogs don't have feelings--that they don't experience joy and sadness?“I've never had an enthusiastic response to this question，even in scientific gatherings，although on occasion a hand or two goes up slowly，usually halfway，as the person glances around to see if anyone is watchin9.⑤But if I ask，”How many of you believe that dogs have feelings?“then almost every hand waves wildly and people smile and nod in vigorous agreement.Using behavior as our guide，by analogy we map the feelings of other beings onto our own emotional templates，and we do it very reliably.[471 words]
1.It can be inferred from the text that animal emotions______
A.originate from natural evolution
B.remain uncertain until we are sure
C.develop faster in social encounters
D.are as rich and deep as human emotions
2.It is implied by the ideas of evolutionary continuity that______
A.the lifestyle of different species is continuous in evolution
B.there is no clear border between human beings and animals
C.all species depend on #plex socialinteractions to survive
D.more similarities among species have been evolved than dissimilarities
3.Some people maintain a scientific skepticism because they______
A.fail to realize what uncertainty really means to science
B.are uncertain about whether animals have emotions
C.prefer to put off whatever they do in science
D.ignore the nature of scientific research
4.According to Henry Pollack，uncertainty______
A.hinders scientific progress
B.catalyzes creativity in science
C.means the absence of certainty
D.accounts for all our decisions in life
5.By citing the example of'the response to his questions，the author shows that______
A.people usually prefer positive questions to negative ones
B.whether dogs have feelings is a desirable question to ask
C.whether dogs don't have feelings is a silly question to ask
D.human behavior can serve as a guide to study animal feelings[NextPage] 难句透析
①Emotions als0catalyze and regulate a wide variety of social encounters among friends and #petitors and permit animals[to protect themselves adaptively and flexibly（using various behavior patterns in a wide variety of venues）].
【结构】本句的主语是“Emotions”，谓语动词是用上标数字标出的并列的“catalyze and regulate”和“permit”。方括号所标示的动词不定式短语“to protect themselves…venues”是“permit animals”的宾语补足语，其中圆括号所标示的现在分词短语“usin9…venues”用做状语。
【释义】情感还能促进并调节动物与其朋友或对手之间的各类不同的社会交往过程，使动物能在各类场合，利用多种多样的行为模式，灵活自如地保护自己。
②Charles Darwin's well-accepted ideas about evolutionary continuity，Ethat differences among species are differ— ences in degree rather than kind]，哪strongly for the presence of“animal emotions，”empathy，and 3'even moral behavior.
【结构】主句的主语是“ideas”，谓语动词是“argue…for…”。方括号所标示的“that differences…kind”是“ideas”的同位语从句。三个并列的名词短语“animal emotions，empathy。and even moral behavior”用做介词“0f，‘的宾语。 .
【释义】人们普遍接受达尔文关于进化连续性的观念。这种观念认为，物种之间的区别是程度的区别，而不是种类的区别，并且坚定地认为，动物有情感，而且情感能相通，甚至有符合道德的行为。
③EWhat we have since learned about animal emotions and empathy]fits in well with[-what we know about the life— style of different speeies]--how #plex their social interactions and social networks are.
【结构】方括号所标示的”What we have…empathy“是主语从句。方括号所标示的”what we know…social networks are“是介词”with“的宾语从句。破折号后面的部分起补充说明作用。
【释义】人们后来对动物情感和情感相通的了解与其对不同物种生活方式的了解完全一致，那就是，动物的社会交往和社会结构纷繁复杂。
④Many skeptics feel[that we are SO uncertain about（whether other animals have any sort of emotional life）that they prefer tO put off weighing in（until we know more）].
【结构】方括号所标示的”that we are…more“是动词”feel“的宾语从句。其中，圆括号所标示的”whether other animals…life“是介词”about“的宾语从句；”S0…that…“引导结果状语从句；圆括号所标示的”until we know more“是状语从句。
【释义】许多持怀疑态度的人觉得，对于其它动物是否有任何类型的感情生活，我们依然把握不大，因此，他们倾向于暂缓考虑此事，直到我们更有把握再说。
⑤I've never had an enthusiastic response tO this question，even in scientific gatherings，E ahhough on occasion a hand or two goes up slowly，usually halfway，（as the person glances around tO see（if anyone is watching））].
【结构】方括号所标示的”although on occasion…watchin9“是让步状语从句；圆括号所标示的”as the person glances…watchin9“是其中的状语从句；尖括号所标示的”if anyone is watchin9“是动词不定式”tO see“的宾语从句。
【释义】对于这个问题，我从来没有获得过热情的回应，即使在科学讲座上也是如此。只不过，偶尔有一两个人慢慢地、犹豫地举起手来，同时还要环顾四周，看是否有人在注意自己。
答案注释
1.根据第一段第三句”Emotions have evolved as adaptations in numerous species…“和该段中间的”In practice， continuity allows us…to highlight similarities in evolved traits including individual feelings and passions“可知，选项A应为答案。
2.根据第一段的后半段”Charles Darwin's well-accepted ideas about evolutionary continuity，that…murky and permeable“，尤其该段最后一句”The borders between'them’（animals）and'us'are murky and permeable“可知，选项B应为答案。
3.根据第二段中的”But science is never as certain as many would like it to be“和”Uncertainty，far from being a barrier to progress，is actually a strong stimulus…“可知，选项A应为答案。
4.根据第二段最后一句”Uncertainty，far from being a barrier to progress，is actually a strong stimulus for，and an important ingredient of，creativity“可知，选项8应为答案。
5.第三段最后一句”Using behavior as our guide，by analogy we map the feelings of other beings onto our own em0tional templates，and we do it very reliably“是该段的主题句，其前面提到的”the response to his questions“的例子是用来说明这个主题句的。所以，选项D应为答案。 [NextPage] 全文翻译
反对动物有情感的生物学不是好的生物学。进化生物学、动物认知行为学和社会神经系统学都支持各种各样的动物都有丰富而深入的情感生活。情感是各种物种进化中的一种调节，是连接动物间的社会纽带。情感还能促进并调节动物与其朋友或对手之间的各类不同的社会交往过程，使动物能在各类场合，利用多种多样的行为模式，灵活自如地保护自己。
人们普遍接受达尔文关于进化连续性的观念。这种观念认为，物种之间的区别是程度的区别，而不是种类的区别，并且坚定地认为。动物有情感，而且情感能相通，甚至有符合道德的行为。②实际上，这种连续性使我们把不同物种间的“进化点”连接在一起，让进化特性的相似之处更加明显，这些特性包括感觉和情感。人们后来对动物情感和情感相通的了解与其对不同物种生活方式的了解完全一致，那就是，动物的社会交往和社会结构纷繁复杂。@情感、情感相通和分辨是非的能力是生存的关键。没有这些，动物，包括人和非人动物，将会灭亡。这就是它们的重要之处。“它们”（动物）和“我们”之间的这种界限是模糊的，相互渗透的。
研究动物情感涉及很多科学研究方式的大问题。许多持怀疑态度的人觉得，对于其他动物是否有任何类型的感情生活，我们依然把握不大，因此，他们倾向于暂缓考虑此事，直到我们更有把握再说。④对一些人来说，这真的意味着一直等到我们完全确信再说。但是科学决不总是像很多人喜欢的那样确定。气候变化研究专家亨利·波莱克在他的书——《不确定的科学，不确定的世界》中提到：“因为这种不确定性永远不会消失，对于未来的决定，无论大小，必须总是在这种不确定中做出。一直等到完全确定了再做决定是对于现状的绝对认可，也是维持现状的一种借口……不确定性并不是进步的障碍，而是推动我们进步的强大力量，是创造力的重要因素。”
我做讲座的时候，开头总问大家：“在座各位，有谁认为狗没有情感吗？有谁认为它们没有快乐，没有悲伤吗？”对于这个问题，我从来没有获得过热情的回应，即使在科学讲座上也是如此。只不过，偶尔有一两个人慢慢地、犹豫地举起手来，同时还要环顾四周，看是否有人在注意自己。但是如果我问“你们中有多少人相信狗有情感？”，几乎所有的人都会踊跃地举起手来，人们微笑点头强烈赞成。以行为作为向导，通过类比，用我们自己的情感模式，把别的生物的情感描绘出来，这种做法非常可靠。
超纲词汇
Catalyze vt.催化，刺激，促进
venue n.聚会地点
Murky adj.阴暗的，模糊的
Permeable 有浸透性的，能透过的
implicit 含蓄的，不怀疑的，绝对的
endorsement n.背书，签注（文件），认可
status quo n.现状
template n.样板，模板
参考答案：1.A 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.D
