2015年考研英语阅读理解考前专项训练（151）
发布时间：2012/11/7 15:32:25 来源：城市网学院 编辑：admin
Publish or perish runs the adage.The publication of research is the bedrock of scientific careers and the foundation of grant applications.But for many years people have questioned the system's fairness. The normal mechanism is that scientists offer the fruits of their research--often bankrolled by the taxpayer—for nothing to publishers。Those publishers then charge money to people who wish to read their jurnals.Publishers have been making handsome profits from this arrangement.But change is afoot.Open-access publishin9，in which papers are freely available immediately upon publication，is sweeping the dusty corridors.①The catch is that the sponsors of research will have to fork out more money to pay for it.
The new fashion is to be found on both sides of the Atlantic.In America John Cornyn，fl Republican senator from Texas，and Joe Lieberman，a Democrat senator from Connecticut，recently introduced a bill that seeks to #pel all federal government agencies“to develop public-access policies relating to research conducted by employees of that agency or from funds administered by that agency”.If it is passed， every American government outfit that #missions more than$100m-worth of research a year will have to make the results free to all-#ers as soon as they are accepted for publication.
America's biggest sponsor of medical research，the National Institutes of Health，has.already thrown its weight behind such a move.For the past year it has strongly encouraged the recipients of its grants to make their results available on a free archive，called PubMed Central，as soon as they are published elsewhere.
In Britain，meanwhile，the Well#e Trust（the world's second-biggest medical—research charity）， has gone a steD further. Rather than encouraging its researchers to deposit electronic copies of their findings with PubMed Central，it #pels them to do so--although they have six months after publication in which to #ply.The trust，which spent￡483m（$879m）on research last year，also gives its grant holders extra money to pay the charges levied by publishers who already offer open-access publication.and is helping to develop a British version of PubMed Central.
Other arms of the British scientific establishment are involved，t00.On June 28th three of the eight research councils that distribute government money to British scientists announced that，in future,any work they pay for will have to be published freely soon after being accepted for publication by a journal； the other five support the principle but are not in fl position to enforce it.[415 words]
1.The phrase“publish or perish”in the beginning of the text means that______.
A.publication indicates the SUCCESS Of a scientific career
B.a scientist can never be remembered without publication
C.if a scientist has nothing published，he is certainly unqualified
D.a scientist's work will not be acknowledged without publication
2.As mentioned in the first paragraph，the system's fairness has been challenged.It is primarily because______
A.scientific research fruits are not free to public readers
B.scientific researches are ultimately supported by taxpayers
C.publishers make huge profits from publishing research papers
D.scientists get nothing for the publication of their research papers
3.“The new fashion”in the beginning of the third paragraph refers t0______.
A.the trend of opening access to research fruits
B.more money paid by sponsors of research
C.the well-known adage“publish or perish”
D.the publication of papers for nothing
4.Which of the following statements about PubMed Central is TRUE?
A.There is one PubMed Central in either America or Britain.
B.PubMed Centralis attached to the National Institutes of Health.
C.The data available in PubMed Central are open to everyone for free use.
D.All scientists in Britain must contribute their findings to PubMed Central.
5.The text is mainly about______.
A.the foundation of scientific careers
B.the spreading of free access to research
C.a new fashion on both sides of the Atlantic
D.the free publication in America and Britain [NextPage] 难句透析
①0pen—access publishin9，[in which papers are freely available immediately upon publication]，is sweeDinu the dusty corridors.
【结构】方括号所标示的“in which papers…publication”是主句主语“publishin9”的后置定语从句。
【释义】科研论文一经发表即可免费阅读，这种风潮席卷而来。
②In America[-John Cornyn，a Republican senator from Texas，and Joe Lieberman，a Democrat senator from Connecti— CUt，]recently introduced a bill[that seeks tO #pel all federal government agencies“tO devdop public-access policies（re— lating tO research（conducted”by employees of that agency or from funds administered by that agency））].“
【结构】方括号所标示的”John Cornyn…and Joe Lieberman…“是主句的主语，”introduced“是主句的谓语动词。方括号所标示的”that seeks…agency“是”bill“的后置定语从句。圆括号所标示的现在分词短语”relating tO…agency“是”policies“的后置定语。尖括号所标示的过去分词短语”conducted“by…or”from…“是”re— search“的后置定语，其中有两个并列的介词短语。
【释义】在美国，德克萨斯州的共和党议员约翰·康尼和康涅狄格州的民主党议员乔·里伯曼最近提出了一项议案。该议案旨在迫使联邦政府的每个机构”对于那些由该机构雇员所进行的研究或者使用该机构资金所进行的研究，要实行向公众开放研究成果的政策“。
③If it is passed，every American government outfit[-that #missions more than$100m—worth of research a year] will have to make the results free to all—#ers Eas soon as they are accepted for publication-].
【结构】方括号所标示的”that #missions…a year“是”outfit“的后置定语从句。方括号所标示的”as soon as they…publication“是时间状语从句。
【释义】如果该项议案得以通过，美国每个每年投入超过1亿美元科研经费的政府部门，其成果一旦发表，将必须开放供公众免费使用。
④Rather than encouraging its researchers to deposit electronic copies of their findings with PubMed Central，it #pels them tO do so--Eahhough they have six months after publication（in which tO #ply）].
【结构】代词”it“是主句的主语，指前一句中的”the Well#e Trust“，代词”them“指”its researchers“。动词不定式短语”to do S0“替代”to deposit…Central“。破折号后面的让步状语从句”although they…to #ply“起补充说明作用。圆括号所标示的动词不定式短语”in which to Comply“是”six months“的后置定语。
【释义】他们不仅仅是鼓励，而且强行要求其研究人员把研究成果的电子文本存人生物医学和生命科学中心数据库。不过，他们在论文发表后，尚有6个月的办理期限。
⑤The trust，[which spent￡483m（$879m）on research last year]，als0 gives its grant holders extra money tO pay the charges[1evied by publishers（who already offer open—access publication）].and is helping tO develop a British version of PubMed Central.
【结构】方括号所标示的”which spent…last year“是主句主语”trust“的后置定语从句。主句有两个用逗号和”and“连接的并列的谓语动词”9ives“和”is helpin9“。方括号所标示的过去分词短语”levied by…publication“是”charges“的后置定语，其中圆括号所标示的”wh0…publication“是”publishers“的后置定语从句。
【释义】去年，该基金会对研究的投入达4.83亿英镑（合8.79亿美元），同时也向受资助者提供额外的资金用以支付提供开放获取出版物的出版商所要求的费用，促进建立大不列颠人自己的”公共医学中心数据库“。
⑥On June 28th”three of the eight research councils[that distribute government money to British scientists]an— nounced Ethat，in future，any work（they pay for）will have tO be published freely soon（after being accepted for publication by a journal）]；“the other five support the principle but are not in a position to enforce it.
【结构】本句是由分号连接的两个分句组成的并列句。方括号所标示的”that distribute…scientists“是”coun— cils“的后置定语从句。方括号所标示的”that…journal“是”announced“的宾语从句。圆括号所标示的”they pay for“是”any work“的后置定语从句。圆括号所标示的介词短语”after being accepted…journal“用做状语。
【释义】6月28日，负责向科学家分配政府资助资金的8个研究委员会中，有3个宣布今后所有由他们资助的研究成果，一经某个期刊同意出版，就必须免费公布；另外5个委员会表示支持这项政策但未打算强制执行。 [NextPage] 全文翻译
俗语说：要么出版，要么灭亡。研究成果的出版是科学职业生涯的基础，也是科学基金申请的根本所在。但是多年来，人们却一直在质疑这个制度的公平性。
通行的机制流程是这样的：在纳税人提供资金的前提下，科学家们把自己的研究成果免费提供给发行人。发行人再向那些想要阅读期刊的读者索要费用。这样一来，发行人从中获取了可观的利润。但是目前这种机制正在发生改变：科研论文一经发表即可免费阅读，这种风潮席卷而来。这种模式的弊端是研究的出资人不得不投入更多资金。
这种风潮波及了大西洋两岸。在美国，德克萨斯州的共和党议员约翰·康尼和康涅狄格州的民主党议员乔·里伯曼最近提出了一项议案。该议案旨在迫使联邦政府的每个机构“对于那些由该机构雇员所进行的研究或者使用该机构资金所进行的研究，要实行向公众开放研究成果的政策”。如果该项议案得以通过，美国每个每年投入超过1亿美元科研经费的政府部门，其成果一旦发表，将必须开放供公众免费使用。
美国医学研究的最大资助单位一一国家卫生研究院在这种提议之前就已经有所行动。在过去的数年中，研究院极力鼓励其资助的研究者将他们在别处出版的研究情况存入名为公共医学中心数据库以供公众免费使用。
同时，世界第二大医学研究慈善组织——英国威康信托基金会的做法更加大胆。他们不仅仅是鼓励，而且强行要求其研究人员把研究成果的电子文本存人生物医学和生命科学中心数据库。不过，他们在论文发表后，尚有6个月的办理期限。去年，该基金会对研究的投入达4.83亿英镑（合8.79亿美元），同时也向受资助者提供额外的资金用以支付提供开放获取出版物的出版商所要求的费用，促进建立大不列颠人自己的“公共医学中心数据库”。 英国其他科学组织也参与了这些计划。6月28日，负责向科学家分配政府资助资金的8个研究委员会中，有3个宣布今后所有由他们资助的研究成果，一经某个期刊同意出版，就必须免费公布；另外5个委员会表示支持这项政策但未打算强制执行。
超纲词汇
Grant n.补助，拨款
Charity n.慈善机构，慈善事业，慈善团体
archive n.档案（库）
Sponsor n.发起人，保证人，资助人
adage n.格言，谚语
Bedrock n.根基，基本原则，基本事实
perish 毁灭，死亡，腐烂，枯萎
Bankroll vt.提供资金
outfit n.团体，机构
Commission vt.委任，任命，授权
Comply vi.照做，遵守，依从，应允
levy vt.征收，征税，征募
fork out支付，交出，放弃
afoot adv.／adj.准备中（的），酝酿中（的）
参考答案：1.D 2.A 3.A 4.C 5.B
