2015年考研英语阅读理解考前专项训练（157）
发布时间：2012/11/7 15:38:55 来源：城市网学院 编辑：admin
Autistic thinking during sleep is called dreamin9.Reduction in external stimulation while one is asleep permits intrinsic activities to exert a strong influence on thought processes.Some psychoanalytic theorists interpret dreaming as a mechanism for maintaining sleep and fulfilling wishes.Freud held that impulses may be expressed in disguised form when one dreams，particularly if their frank expression would be in conflict with the dreamer's moral and social standards.Freud wrote that the original wish that prompts dreaming corresponds to the dream's latent content.Such latent content is to be inferred from the dream as it is directly experienced（the manifest content）。The meaning of any dream，according to Freud，lies in its latent content；to the extent that the latent wish is unacceptable to or threatens the dreamer,he is said to employ mechanisms of symbolic imagery，condensation，displacement，and secondary elaboration to disguise it.①Condensation refers to the #bining of elements；by itself，a knife may suggest a hostile weapon，but dreamed of in #bination with other eating utensils it appears inn0cuous.In displacement the dreamer shifts an impulse from one object to another；he may dream of slicing a melon（manifest）rather than an enemy（1atent）。Secondary elaboration is the process of imposing structure to increase the coherence and logle of the dream.
Other theorists suggest that in many instances dreams do not hold the latent or hidden significance that Freud assigned them.These critics indicate that dreams may simply be the result of random remembering or of imagery that wells up during sleep.o In such dreamin9，the sequence of dream elements would represent little more than transient associations.
In their efforts to study dreaming in terms of more obj ective evidence，some investigators record electrical activity generated by the brains of sleeping people.People are most likely to say they have been dreaming if they are awakened during a period of so-called rapid eye movement，at which times distinctive changes in brain activity are observable.④When people are chronically wakened whenever such signs of dreaming appear，they tend to develop symptoms of psychological disturbance（e.g.，hallucinatory activity）during daylight hours.When iater permitted to sleep without interruption。they give evidence of dreaming intensively，as if to #pensate for previous deprivation.It would appear that dreaming may meet some fundamental physiological need.
Although dreaming largely seems to express intrinsic activity，it can be influenced by external stimuli and is likely to include experiences that symbolize such stimuli.A light tap on the foot of a sleeper，for example，might prompt him to dream of buying a new pair of shoes.[432 words]
1.The first paragraph is mainly about______.
A.the deftnition of dreaming
B.the functions of dreaming
C.the strong influence of intrinsic activities on thought process in sleeping
D.the interpretation of dreaming given by Freud
2.According to Freud's theory of dreamin9______.
A.the impulses of an individual are always expressed in disguised form in his dreams
B.what is expressed in a dream is never in agreement with the dreamer's moral and social standards
C.the meaning of any dream is independent of the dreamer's moral and social standards
D.the dream's hidden content corresponds closely with the dreamer's original wish
3.The underlined word“innocuous”in the first paragraph most probably means______.
A.harmless
B.innocent
C.meaningless
D.offensive
4.In the author's opinion。dreaming is______.
A.an inevitable result of random remembering
B.fl natural phase of sleep
C.an activity for maintaining sleep
D.a mechanism for fulfilling wishes
5.According to this passage，______.
A.external stimulation is rarely involved in dreaming
B.nothing but dreaming can best meet the fundamental physiological need of an individual
C.rapid eye movement during sleeping is a sign of dreaming
D.most theorists tend to assign hidden significance to dreams
超纲词汇
autistic n.孤独症患者（常指儿童）
elaboration n.苦心经营，苦心经营的结果，详尽的细节
innocuous 无害的，无伤大雅的，不得罪人的
intrinsic adj.（指价值、性质）固有的，内在的，本质的
psychoanalytic 理分析的
stimuli n.刺激，刺激物
utensiln.器具
well up涌出，涌现[NextPage] 参考答案：1.D 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.C
全文翻译
①The meaning of any dream，according tO Freud，lies in its latent content；to the extent[that the latent wish is unacceptable tO or threatens the dreamer].he is said to employ mechanisms of symbolic imagery。condensation，displacement，and secondary elaboration to disguise it.
【结构】本句是由分号分开的两个大的分句组成的并列句。介词短语“to the extent that…”，用做第二个分句中的状语；方括号所标示的部分是“extent”的同位语从句。
【释义】根据弗洛伊德的观点，任何梦境的含义都在于其潜在的满足感。就做梦者潜在的欲望对其难以接受的程度或产生的威胁程度来说，可以认为，做梦者采用象征性形象、凝缩、置换以及再次加工等手段把梦乔装打扮起来。
②These critics indicate[that dreams may simply be the result“of random remembering or of imagery（that wells up during sleep）].
【结构】在本句中，方括号所标示的部分是”indicate“的宾语从句；圆括号所标示的部分是”imagery“的定语从句。
【释义】这些批评家指出，梦境只不过是随意回忆的结果，或是睡眠中涌现在脑海中的形象产生的结果。
③People are most likely tO say they have been dreaming[if they are awakened during a period of S0—called rapid eye movement，（at which times distinctive changes in brain activity are observable）].
【结构】在本句中，方括号所标示的部分是由”if“引导的条件状语从句；其中，圆括号所标示的部分是由”at which times“引导的定语从句，修饰”rapid eye movement“。
【释义】在所谓的眼球快速运动阶段，把一个人叫醒的话，这个人很可能会说，他一直在做梦。此时，可以观察到大脑活动所发生的独特变化。
全文翻译
睡眠过程中的自我思维被称为梦境。人在沉睡的时候外部刺激的减少会引起内在活动对思维过程施加很大的影响。有些心理分析理论家认为，梦境是维持睡眠、满足欲望的一种机制。弗洛伊德认为，人做梦时，冲动可能表现为乔装打扮的形式；如果坦率表达冲动会与他的道德标准及社会标准相悖时，更是如此。弗洛伊德说，促使梦境出现的原始欲望与梦中潜在的满足感一致。这种潜在的满足感可以从梦境中推测出来，因为满足感直接亲身经历（显梦）。根据弗洛伊德的观点，任何梦境的含义都在于其潜在的满足感。就做梦者潜在的欲望对其难以接受的程度或产生的威胁程度来说，可以认为，做梦者采用象征性形象、凝缩、置换以及再次加工等手段把梦乔装打扮起来。凝缩指的是要素的结合；单独一把刀可能使人联想到那是一件充满杀气的武器，但是在梦境中刀跟其他的餐具组合在一起，刀就显得毫无危险性了。置换指的是做梦者将对某一对象的冲动移到另一个身上；他可能梦见用刀切西瓜（显性的）而不是对付敌人（潜在的）。再次加工是给梦境套上结构以增加它的连贯性和逻辑性。
其他的理论家们提出，有很多事例表明，梦境不见得包含弗洛伊德所赋予的隐含意义。这些批评家指出，梦境只不过是随意回忆的结果，或是睡眠中涌现在脑海中的形象产生的结果。在这种梦境中，梦的要素出现的顺序仅仅代表了短暂的交集而已。
在他们为更加客观地研究梦境所作的努力中，有些研究人员记录了熟睡的人的大脑所产生的电波活动。在所谓的眼球快速运动阶段把一个人叫醒的话，这个人很可能会说，他一直在做梦。此时，可以观察到大脑活动所发生的独特变化。每当梦境出现的时候，如果睡觉的人常常被唤醒的话，他们往往会在白天产生心理障碍（如幻觉）。如果随后的睡眠不受干扰，他们的梦境会集中出现，就好像要补偿之前被剥夺的梦境。看起来，梦境可能会满足某些基本的生理需求。
尽管梦境看起来很大程度上都表达了内在的活动，梦境可能会受到外界刺激的影响，梦境中很可能包括象征这种刺激的体验。比如，轻拍睡觉者的脚可能会促使他做买新鞋的梦。
