2015年考研英语阅读理解考前专项训练（168）
发布时间：2012/11/7 15:47:58 来源：城市网学院 编辑：admin
Researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health have discovered that Americans with mental illness are nearly twice as likely to smoke cigarettes as people with no mental illness.Their study APPeared in the Nov.22nd Journal of the American Medical Association.Karen Lasser and her colleagues found that 41 percent of people with mental illness are smokers #pared to 22.5 percent of oeople who have never been mentally ill.They also found that the mentally ill smoke more heavily than others.Based on their results the authors estimate that people with diagnosable mental illness #prise nearly 45 percent of the total tobacco market in the U.S.
The authors also found that nearly one-third of smokers with mental illness were able to quit smoking.If they abstained from drugs and alcohol they had cessation rates equal to people without mental illness.“This finding should encourage us to help our patients with mental illness to quit smoking, especially given that persons with mental illness are at high risk for smoking-related deaths，”said Danny McCormick。one of the co-authors.
The study analyzed data from 4411 respondents aged 15 to 54 years who participated in the National Comorbidity Survey of psychiatric disease，a nationally representative multistage probability survey conducted from 1991 to 1992. Their data is the most information available that looks at the association between type and severity of mental illness and the likelihood of smoking and smoking cessation.
Standard definitions of mentai illness were employed that included major depression,bipolar disorder，agoraphobia，social and simple phobia，generalized anxiety disorder，alcohol abuse and dependence，antisocial personality，conduct disorder and nonaffective psychosis （including schizophrenia）。
The authors quote internal documents from the tobacco industry showing that R.J.Reynolds had conducted marketing studies targeting psychologically vulnerable consumers.The studies implied that srookers used nicotine to treat symptoms of depression，for mood enhancement，forl anxiety relief, to cope with stress and t0“gain selbcontrol.”The marketing study also suggested that smoking helps perk you up and helps you think out problems.
Why do persons with mental disorders smoke more than others?This study does not really explain.We do know that nicotine is a stimulant。and that it seems to ease the symptoms of some severe disorders such as schizophrenia.65—90％of persons with schizophrenia are nicotine dependent，probably partly because nicotine relieves some of their symptoms and improves cognitive functioning.Tobacco marketers have played on these statistics，but they probably didn't create them.[410 words]
1.American researchers discover that______.
A.few people with mental illness smoke
B.few people without mentalillness smoke
C.mentally ill persons are more likely to be#e smokers
D.mentally ill smokers tend to smoke much more than others
2.According to this passage______.
A.alcohol abuse raises smoking cessation rates
B.alcohol dependence lowers smoking cessation rates
C.drug abuse makes for smoking cessation
D.drug abuse helps to lower smoking rates
3.Mentally ill patients are______.
A.1ess likely to quit smoking
B.1ess likely to be#e alcohol addicts
C.more likely to be#e drug addicts
D.more likely to die of smoking related diseases
4.the fact that mentally ill smokers smoke more than others.
A.The author tries to explain
B.Tobacco marketers hardly know
C.Some American researchers explained
D.The marketing studies conducted by the tobacco industry revealed
5.The proper title for this passage should be______.
A.The Harmfulness of Smoking
B.Mentally Ill Smoke A Lot
C.Smoking and Smoking Cessation
D.Symptoms of Severe Mental Disorders
难句透析
①This finding should encourage US to help our patients with mental illness to quit smoking，especially given[that persons with mental illness are at high risk for smoking related deaths，said Danny McCormick，one of the Coauthors.
【结构】在本句中，过去分词短语“given…deaths”用做状语；方括号标示的“that…deaths”是过去分词“given”的宾语从句。
【释义】丹尼·麦高米克是这篇论文的作者之一，他说，“该发现应能鼓励我们帮助精神病人戒烟，尤其当精神病人非常可能因吸烟导致死亡时，我们更应帮助他们戒烟。”
②The study analyzed data from 4411 respondents Eaged 15 to 54 years][who participated in the National Comorbidity Survey of psychiatric disease，（a nationally representative multistage probability survey（conducted from 1991 t0 1992>））。
【结构】第一个方括号标示的过去分词短语“aged 15 to 54 years”用做后置定语，修饰“respondents”；第二个方括号标示的“who…1992”用做后置定语从句，修饰“respondents”；黑体圆括号标示的“a nationally…1992”是“the National Comorbidity Survey”的同位语；尖括号标示的过去分词短语“conducted…1992”用做后置定语，修饰“survey”。
【释义】1991年至1992年，进行了全国精神病发病率普查，这是在全国范围内进行的、有代表性的多级发病概率普查。普查对象从15岁至54岁。该项研究分析了参加普查的4411人的数据资料。
③Their data is the most information available[that looks at the association between type and severity of mental ill ness and the likelihood of smoking and smoking cessation].
【结构】在本句中，方括号标示的“that…cessation”用做后置定语从句，修饰“information”。
【释义】这些人的数据资料是最现成的资料，可以用来研究精神病的类型、严重程度与吸烟、戒烟之间的相关关系。
④Standard definitions of mental illness were employed[that included major depression，bipolar disorder，agora phobia。social and simple phobia。generalized anxiety disorder，alcohol abuse and dependence，antisocial personality，conduct disorder and nonaffective psychosis（including schizophrenia）].
【结构】在本句中，方括号标示的“that…（including schizophrenia）”用做后置定语从句，修饰句子的主语“definitions”。
【释义】当时对精神病采用的是标准定义法，其中包括：情绪严重消沉、狂躁与抑郁交替的精神双向失调、陌生环境恐怖症、社交恐怖症和单一恐怖症、一般的精神忧虑、酗酒和嗜酒、不擅社交的个性、行为错乱和无情感的精神错乱（包括精神分裂症）。
⑤The studies implied[that smokers used nicotine“to treat symptoms of depression，for”mood enhancement，“for anxiety relief，to cope with stress and to gain selfcontrol.]
【结构】在本句中，方括号标示的”that…to'gain selfcontrol‘“是谓语动词”implied“的宾语从句；其中有五个并列成分（三个动词不定式和两个介词短语），用做目的状语。
【释义】这些市场调研表明，吸烟者利用烟中的尼古丁来对付情绪消沉的各种症状：”愉悦精神“、”减轻焦虑“、”缓解紧张“并且”达到自我控制 [NextPage] 全文翻译
哈佛大学公共卫生研究院研究员近期发现：在美国，精神病患者吸烟的可能性是正常人的近两倍。他们的研究报告在11月22日的《美国医学协会杂志》上刊登。卡伦·莱瑟和她的同事们发现，精神病患者中有41％的人是烟民，而精神从未出问题的人这个比率只有22.5％。此外他们还发现，精神病患者抽烟要比其他烟民厉害得多。根据研究结果，作者估计，美国烟草市场的消费者有45％是由精神疾病患者构成的。
作者指出，将近三分之一患有精神疾病的烟民能够成功戒烟。如果戒毒戒酒，他们的戒烟成功率就能与正常人基本持平。丹尼·麦高米克是这篇论文的作者之一，他说，“该发现应能鼓励我们帮助精神病人戒烟，尤其当精神病人非常可能因吸烟导致死亡时，我们更应帮助他们戒烟。”
1991年至1992年，进行了全国精神病发病率普查，这是在全国范围内进行的、有代表性的多级发病概率普查。
普查对象从15岁至54岁。该项研究分析了参加普查的4411人的数据资料……这些人的数据资料是最现成的资料，可以用来研究精神病的类型、严重程度与吸烟、戒烟之间的相关关系。
当时对精神病采用的是标准定义法，其中包括：情绪严重消沉、狂躁与抑郁交替的精神双向失调、陌生环境恐怖症、社交恐怖症和单一恐怖症、一般的精神忧虑、酗酒和嗜酒、不擅社交的个性、行为错乱和无情感的精神错乱（包括精神分裂症）。
作者引用的烟草工业内部文件显示，美国R.J.Reynolds烟草公司曾以那些心理防线比较脆弱的顾客为目标进行市场调研。这些市场调研表明，吸烟者利用烟中的尼古丁来对付情绪消沉的各种症状：“愉悦精神”、“减轻焦虑”、“缓解紧张”并且“达到自我控制”。这个市场调查同时显示，吸烟可以“有助于振奋精神”及“有助于想出问题的解决方法”。
为什么精神病患者更易于抽烟呢？这份研究报告并没有真正就这个问题进行分析。其实我们早已知晓尼古丁是一种刺激物，看似可以缓解一些严重的心理疾病（例如精神分裂症）的症状。65％到90％的精神分裂症患者依赖尼古丁，这可能是因为尼古丁可以减轻他们的一些症状并能提高他们的认知能力。尽管没有创造数据，但烟草市场的商人们一直利用这些统计结果。
超纲词汇
Abstain v.禁绝，放弃
Agoraphobia 旷野恐怖症，陌生环境恐怖症
Bipolar adj.有两极的，双极的
cessation 停止
Cognitive adj.认知的，认识的，有感知的
#orbidity n.发病率
Perk vt.／vi.昂首，竖起，恢复，振作
phobia 恐怖病，恐怖症
Psychiatric adj.精神病学的，精神病治疗的
psychosis n.精神病，变态心理
Schizophrenia 精神分裂症
Vulnerable adj.易受攻击的，易受…的攻击
参考答案：1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.B
