在托福听力备考中，速记符号有固定缩写的用固定缩写，没有固定缩写的就自己创造是一个非常实用的原则。

　　Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference:

　　Abbreviations in Note taking

　　Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember

　　easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note

　　taking at a time.

　　Symbols helpful in math -- these are #monly used in texts and

　　references.

　　S = sum

　　f = frequency

　　Leave out periods in standard abbreviations.

　　cf = #pare

　　e.g. = example

　　dept = department

　　Use only the first syllable of a word.

　　pol = politics

　　dem = democracy

　　lib = liberal

　　cap = capitalism

　　Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.

　　pres = presentation

　　subj = subject

　　ind = individual

　　cons = conservative

　　Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable

　　abbreviation.

　　assoc = associate

　　biol = biology

　　info = information

　　ach = achievement

　　chem = chemistry

　　max = maximum

　　intro = introduction

　　conc = concentration

　　min = minimum

　　rep = repetition

　　Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton

　　of the word.

　　ppd = prepared

　　prblm = problem

　　estmt = estimate

　　bkgd = background

　　gvt = government

　　Use an apostrophe in place of letters.

　　am't = amount

　　cont'd = continued

　　gov't = government

　　educat'l = educational

　　Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.

　　chpts = chapters

　　egs = examples

　　fs = frequencies

　　intros = introductions

　　Use g to represent ing endings.

　　ckg = checking

　　estg = establishing

　　decrg = decreasing

　　exptg = experimenting

　　Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.

　　Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with

　　shorthand.

　　Leave out unimportant words.

　　Leave out the words a and the.

　　If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture,

　　substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For

　　example, Center for Aerospace Sciences be#es CAS thereafter.

　　Use symbols for #monly recurring connective or transitional words.

　　& = and

　　w/ = with

　　w/o = without

　　vs = against

　　\ = therefore

　　= = is or equal

　　Use technical symbols where applicable.

　　zb = German, for example

　　ibid = Latin, the same work

　　o = degrees

　　H2O = water

　　More reference:

　　Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. xue.netples:

　　+ plus

　　// parallel

　　Use standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. xue.netples:

　　eg example