灵魂词汇1 ----- 功能性词汇
　　功能动词：
　　表示“分类”： classify, assort , categorize , label
　　* People are usually categorized/classified as sociable and unsociable.
　　* The man is usually labeled as a new-rich [暴发户]. 人们常把他归于暴发户之列
　　表示“造成”： cause , lead to , result in , bring about ,bring on , trigger , give rise to
　　engender：*Sympathy often engenders love.同情常常产生爱情
　　表示“做”：   conduct , carry out , implement , #mit , be under way ,
　　* 真题07-3 Michael Lynn, has conducted dozens of studies of tipping…
　　* The government promised to implement a new system to control financial loan
　　institutions. 政府承诺实施/执行一个新的系统来控制金融贷款机构。
　　* The project is now well under way. 一个项目正在顺利行进
　　表示 “评估”：evaluate, appraise, assess , judge
　　表示“期望”：expect , anticipate, long for , look forward to , hope , wish
　　表示 “拥有”：  have, own , possess, hold, be in possession of , belong to (属于)
　　表示 “掌控”：  control, be in charge of , dominate, monitor , supervise
　　表示“破坏”：  damage , ruin , spoil , destroy , devastate , raze , wreck
　　* The accident wrecked his health. 这次意外事故损坏了他的健康。
　　表示“理解，知道”：understand , appreciate , be aware of , be conscious of , recognize
　　表示“很多”：   many, numerous, a flood of , a good many, considerable , substantial abundant ,
　　a wealth of [修饰可数或不可数]，plenty of , a great number of , a great deal of
　　表示“有联系”：relate to , correlate to, associate with , connect to , link with , be linked to
　　表示 “表明,证明”： show, demonstrate , manifest v. , prove , reveal , # unravel [ravel n.混乱]
　　表示 “参与”：  take part in , participate in ，be involved in ,
　　功能形容词：
　　表示“相反”： opposing :  He has an opposing view about the world . 对于世界他有完全不同
　　的观点
　　contradictory: contradictory ideas 相互矛盾的观点
　　表示“反对”： against ,be opposed to， be averse to … ，object to ,
　　真题07-3:　＂I knew three groups would be opposed: customers, servers and
　　restaurant owners＂
　　表示“调整适应”：adjust to , adapt to ,
　　gear to : This training is geared to passing MBA examinations.
　　ac#modate : The eye can ac#modate itself to seeing objects at different
　　distances. 眼睛能自动调节以便观看远近不同的景物。
　　表示“很可能，倾向于”： be likely to , be apt to , be prone to , be inclined to , tend to
　　* People are inclined to believe that the more money they have the happier they
　　would be
　　表示“足够”：enough，adequate , ample ,sufficient
　　表示 “好,棒”： good , great , fabulous, marvelous, magnificent , miraculous, terrific , amazing
　　fantastic, gorgeous
　　表示“难以置信”： unbelievable , incredible, unimaginable,  It is hard to believe/imagine …
　　表示“重要”： important , critical , crucial, essential , fundamental , foremost , significant [意义
　　重大], vital ,
　　表示“不可缺少”： necessary , essential , indispensible , integral [强调组成整体中的一部分]
　　* Kids are an integral part of a family.
　　表示 “明显的”： obvious, apparent, clear , distinct , evident , manifest , # overt [公开的]
　　表示 “复杂的”： #plicated , #plex , involved , sophisticated [强调因为技术精密而复杂]
　　* a sophisticated telescope 精密复杂的望远镜
　　表示  “有前景”： promising , potential , prospective
　　功能副词：
　　表示“主要地,根本上地” mainly,  basically, chiefly, essentially, primarily, principally
　　表示“仅仅，只不过”： only, just , merely, solely , no more than ，exclusively
　　* He learned music solely for fun. 他学音乐只是为了开心。
　　* He learned English exclusively by himself. 他的英语只是自学的。
　　[强调没有靠其他方式]
　　表示 “非常，很”： very , greatly ,awfully, badly, considerably , enormously, extremely,
　　significantly, highly, radically, excessively [过渡地],
　　# disproportionately[比例过大地],
　　表示”大约” :  about, approximately , around , or so ,
　　some: Some 4000 people went to the show
　　表示“实际上,实质上”：
　　actually , as a matter of fact , in fact , in effect , practically, really, virtually
　　其他
　　表示“关于”：about, in regard to ,  respecting , on , with respect to ,
　　in terms of（在…方面）：China is great nation in terms of its history.
　　表示“同时”： at the same time , in the meantime , meanwhile ,
　　#simultaneously, [?????????????????]  # synchronously [????????????]
　　表示“根据”：according to , based on ,
　　in the light of :  *In the light of the evidence, we are convinced that he is right.
　　表示“暗示，线索”： clue , clew, hint , implication

　　灵魂词汇2 --- 态度观点信号词：
　　论点：认为，相信： argue , argument , believe , suppose, think , be convinced that [相信] , hold the belief that … , have a notion that …, view…as , regard….as , see…as, consider….to be, reckon [算作，设想],
　　论据:  for example , for instance , specifically,  take… as an example
　　like , such as … , Imagine …. ,
　　调查研究：investigation , inquiry  [hold an inquiry into a case对一个案子进行调查]
　　research, study, survey, report , questionnaire[调查问卷]，measurement ,
　　调查研究结果：
　　得出结论： conclude that … ，#e to a conclusion that …. , draw a conclusion that …
　　表明，发现： show , suggest , demonstrate , manifest [清楚地显示或表示] display,
　　find , find out, discover, reveal , prove
　　indicate, imply,
　　预测：  forecast , foretell, foresee, predict
　　表示赞同： agree, appreciate , approve, consent to
　　表示反对： against , disagree, disapprove, dissent , object to , be opposed to
　　表示事实： belief , fact , reality, truth
　　表示理论，设想：assumption , theory, hypothesis [假设]
　　表示目的： to do, aim at, for the sake of , for , serve as, in favor of [有利于],
　　for the purpose of,  intend to do ,
　　论据中常见专家名称：
　　expert , specialist , professor , associate professor [副教授]， sociologist [社会学家]，
　　economist, linguist[语言学家]，consultant [顾问] psychologist [心理学家]，behaviorist [行为学家]，
　　philosopher[哲学家] , anthropologist [人类学家]，archaeologist [考古学家]，
　　灵魂词汇3 --逻辑信号词 ? 路标词
　　１，表示因果的
　　原因：后接句子 ---  Because, since , as , for
　　后接词组 ---  because of , thanks to , owing to , due to , as a result of ,
　　by/in virtue of [由于]
　　* The movie touched me by virtue of its story.
　　结果： so(that), accordingly[因此] ; as a result; consequently; for this
　　(that)reason; hence; therefore
　　此外：表因果的特色词汇
　　比如A 是因，B是果：
　　A  account for / be responsible for 　B
　　A　cause / lead to / result in / bring about / bring on / trigger /give rise to 　B
　　2，表示转折的
　　“但是，然而”：but , however;  yet , nevertheless, whereas
　　“尽管，虽然”：后接句子 --- although , though, even though , while ,# notwithstanding
　　后接词组 --- despite; in spite of
　　“相反地”：    conversely[相反地] ; on the contrary;
　　“另一方面”： on the other hand;
　　３，表示比较的
　　by #parison ; in contrast (相比之下); in the same way; similarly
　　4，表示递进的
　　also; besides; furthermore; in addition; in particular（特别地）more importantly; moreover; What’s more
　　5，表示概括的
　　in brief;  in conclusion; in short; in a word , in sum; to sum up; on the whole
　　,  to conclude
　　6．表示并列：
　　and , or , at the same time, meanwhile , as well as